选课中心NEW
7099人选课
SAT【0】元讲座
免费学
托福【0】元讲座
免费学
SAT模考网站HOT
39209人预约
托福TPO模考网站HOT
39209人预约
SAT辅导课程NEW
免费报名
AP辅导课程NEW
立即报名
中学生托福课程NEW
立即报名
大学生托福课程NEW
立即报名
【定制】1v1
私人订制
【资料】考前冲刺
精
扫码添加助教
免费领取
备考资料大礼包
扫码关注公众号
新东方在线SAT频道为大家带来2018年3月SAT亚太考试内容回顾阅读三一文,希望对大家SAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线SAT频道!
第三篇:科学类
鸟类协作可以抵御异种鸟类在自己鸟窝里面下蛋影响自身繁殖。然后需要补充的细节是如果不小心异种鸟繁殖,会影响自己的繁殖。所以一开始就要把成人的鸟赶出去,这个过程中socially 很重要。
原文:
In the spring of 1879, Hermann Lau shot two white-winged choughs,Corcorax melanorhamphos, off their nest in Queensland, Australia. He watched asadditional choughs continued to attend the nest, proving that a cooperativegroup shared parental care ( 1). Since then, cooperatively breeding birds havehad a starring role in efforts to explain the evolution of complex animalsocieties. We now know that “helpersat-the-nest” who forgo reproduction areoften relatives of the breeding pair. Genetic payoff is, thus, one of severaladvantages that helpers can gain from their superfi cially altruistic behavior (2). On page 1506 of this issue, Feeney et al. ( 3) show that collective defenseagainst brood parasites (see the fi gure) can enhance such benefi ts ofcooperation. Why do some bird species cooperate and others do not? Globalanalyses have shown that cooperative breeding (now known from 9% of species) isassociated with a slow pace of life (characterized by high survival rates andlow turnover of breeding territories) ( 4), monogamy (which facilitates kinselection within families) ( 5), and unpredictable environments (such as aridzones) that might favor cooperation as a bet-hedging strategy ( 6). But thesefactors often fail to predict the incidence of cooperation among relatedspecies or within geographical regions ( 7). Feeney et al.’s study is built onthe premise that brood parasitism—reproductive cheating by species such ascuckoos and cowbirds, which exploit other birds to raise their young—is asevere selection pressure on their hosts’ breeding strategies. Parasitizedparents typically not only lose their current offspring but also waste a wholebreeding season raising a demanding impostor. The best way to avoid parasitismis to repel adult parasites from the nest. Feeney et al. show that socialitycan be pivotal to this process. The authors begin by unfolding a new map. Usingdata compiled by BirdLife International, they show that the global distributionof cooperatively breeding birds overlaps strikingly with that of broodparasites. This overlap need not refl ect a causal relationship:
The same unpredictable environments thatfavor cooperation could also favor alternative breeding strategies such asparasitism. However, the authors go on to show that even within geographicalregions rich in both parasites and cooperators—Australia and southern Africa—cooperativebreeders are much more likely than noncooperative species to be targeted bybrood parasites. To determine the reasons for this correlation, Feeney et al.studied cooperative breeding in superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) inAustralia. Horsfield’s bronze-cuckoos (Chalcites basalis) should benefi t fromtargeting larger groups of fairy-wrens because more helpers mean faster chickgrowth. Yet, data from a 6-year field study show that in practice, cuckoosrarely experience this advantage, because larger groups of fairywrens much moreeffectively detect and repel egg-laying intrusions by cuckoo females,mobilizing group defenses with a cuckoospecifi c alarm call. Thus, cooperationand parasitism could reciprocally infl uence one another: Cooperators might bemore attractive targets because they make better foster parents, but once
exploited by parasites, they are alsobetter able to fi ght back, helping cooperation to persist ( 8). Feeney et al. find that superior anticuckoo defenses in larger groups account for 0.2 moreyoung fl edged per season on average than smaller groups—a substantial boostgiven the fairy-wrens’ low annual fecundity. These results show convincinglythat defense against brood parasites augments the benefi ts of helping, promotingthe persistence of cooperation. But as the authors note, they cannot revealwhat caused cooperation to evolve initially. Brood parasitism alone cannotresolve the question of why some birds breed cooperatively. For example,cooperative kingfi shers and bee-eaters are heavily parasitized in Africa butnot in Australasia, showing that other advantages of helping behavior are sufficient for cooperation to persist. But we should take parasitism seriously as animportant force in a cooperative life. Indeed, it may provide a mechanismcontributing to the previously discovered global correlates of cooperation (4–6). Some insight into the likely order of evolution might come from furthercomparative predictions. For instance, if cooperation arose fi rst as a defenseagainst parasitism, cooperators may be most prevalent among hosts that relyheavily on repelling adult parasites, rather than on antiparasite strategies atlater reproductive stages, such as egg or chick discrimination ( 9). Incontrast, if parasites target existing cooperators because they providesuperior care, this should be especially true of parasites whose chicks havethe most pressing needs—for instance, those in parasitic families with largebody size relative to their hosts or those whose chicks do not kill host youngand therefore must share their foster parents’ care. Could there be a similarassociation between cooperation and parasitism among other highly socialanimals? Cooperation in mammals clearly persists irrespective of parasitism, giventhat there are no known brood-parasitic mammals (perhaps because it would bediffi cult for a mammal to insert live young into another’s care). Butrepelling parasitic egg-laying intrusions is crucial to many hosts of sociallyparasitic insects and has shaped sophisticated adaptations and counterdefensesfor and against brute force and secrecy ( 10). It will be fascinating toexplore how selection for antiparasitic defense has interacted with monogamyand defensible resources as forces favoring kin-selected cooperation ininvertebrates, touching on an active debate in evolutionary biology. Answers tosuch comparative questions will ultimately be limited by our knowledge ofnatural history. The work by Feeney et al. is testament to the evolutionaryinsights enabled by careful long-term fi eld studies, together with thecumulative legacy of those naturalists who made the unglamorous effort torecord and publish observations of real animals in real places.
SAT水平能力测试【0元免费测试】
资料下载
【SAT】SAT官方指南题目合集10套
发布时间:2024-04-15添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
SAT阅读+文法+数学专项题型练习册
发布时间:2024-05-31添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-可汗练习题
发布时间:2024-02-29添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-CB官方样题
发布时间:2024-02-29添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
《学科留学百问 (AP-IB-A Level)》
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
2024中国学生留学备考白皮书
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
2023北美考试一本通高中篇
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
新东方SAT阅读讲义
发布时间:2023-02-06添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
2023北美考试一本通高中篇
发布时间:2024-02-29关注美本留学家长帮微信订阅号
回复【美本资料】获取
2024中国学生留学备考白皮书
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本】获取
《学科留学百问 (AP-IB-A Level)》
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-CB官方样题
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-可汗练习题
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
SAT阅读+文法+数学专项题型练习册
发布时间:2019-11-28添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加美本助教
即可获取美本资料大礼包
推荐阅读
在2024年的QS学科排名中,英国大学再次展现了他们在教育领域的卓越表现。这次排名中,英国大学在16个学科领域取得了世界第一的成绩,为其在全球教育界树立了新的标杆。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 11:16:49 关键字 : QS学科排名,英国大学qs学科排名
市场营销作为当代商业领域中至关重要的学科之一,一直备受关注。为了帮助读者更好地了解2024年全球市场营销学科的最新发展和排名情况,本文将介绍QS世界大学市场营销学科的排名榜单,并提供相关的官网链接供读者参考。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:21:37 关键字 : 市场营销学科排名,qs学科排名
备受关注的2024年酒店管理学科全球大学排名榜单终于揭晓,给全球学子带来了巨大的惊喜和期待。作为酒店管理学科领域的权威排行榜,该榜单汇集了各大知名院校和学者的投票和研究结果,为学生们提供了一份权威的选校参考指南。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:15:16 关键字 : 酒店管理学科排名,qs学科排名
每年QS世界大学统计与运筹学学科排名榜单都受到广泛关注,2024年的排名榜单也引起了极大的关注和讨论。首先,让我们来看一下2024QS世界大学统计与运筹学学科排名榜单的前几名。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:10:12 关键字 : 统计与运筹学学科排名,qs学科排名
随着2024QS世界大学经济与计量经济学学科排名榜单的发布,我们可以全面了解到这一领域的最新动态。本文将为您详细介绍2024QS世界大学经济与计量经济学学科排名榜单,解读其中的重点内容,并对我国相关大学在排名中的表现进行分析。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:03:55 关键字 : 经济与计量经济学学科排名,qs学科排名
最新发布的2024QS世界大学社会政策与行政管理排名榜单已经震动了全球教育界。这一排名榜单是依据世界知名教育机构QS(Quacquarelli Symonds)的权威数据和专业评估,为我们提供了一份准确且独具参考价值的全球大学排名。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 17:01:59 关键字 : 社会政策与行政管理学科排名,qs学科排名
社会学作为一门独具特色的学科,对于了解人类社会的发展和变迁起着举足轻重的作用。每年,QS世界大学社会学排名榜单会揭晓全球各大高等院校在这一领域的表现,并成为了各界人士瞩目的焦点。今天,让我们一起来揭晓2024年的榜单,并深入探讨排名的背后故事。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:56:00 关键字 : 社会学学科排名,qs学科排名
在当今竞争激烈的社会中,选择一所优秀的大学对我们的未来发展至关重要。随着法律行业的日益发展和全球化的趋势,了解和掌握国际上优秀的法律学府成为了无比重要的事情。而2024QS世界大学法律与法律研究排名榜单正是我们选择合适学府的权威指南。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:51:49 关键字 : 法律与法律研究学科排名,qs学科排名
2024QS世界大学教育与培训排名榜单,作为权威的评估之一,给出了全球范围内的学府排名。本次榜单覆盖了各个学科领域,综合评估了学校的教学质量、师资水平、科研实力等多个方面,旨在为学生和家长提供一个参考。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:48:08 关键字 : 教育与培训学科排名,qs学科排名
政治学作为一门研究人类政治行为、政治制度、政治思想等内容的学科,一直备受关注。近日,2024QS世界大学排名公布了最新的政治学学科排名榜单,引起了广泛的关注和讨论。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:38:53 关键字 : 政治学学科排名,qs学科排名
自动领取备考资料大礼包
1. 打开手机微信【扫一扫】,识别上方二维码;
2.添加【美本助教】,自动领取留学备考资料大礼包。
公开讲座
真实了解自己的水平,为备考做好规划!
价格 : ¥0元
真实了解自己的水平,为备考做好规划!
价格 : ¥0元
真实了解自己的水平,为备考做好规划!
价格 : ¥0元
资料下载
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
关注美本留学家长帮微信订阅号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
自动领取备考资料大礼包
1. 打开手机微信【扫一扫】,识别上方二维码;
2.添加【Ella助教】,自动领取留学备考资料大礼包。
阅读排行榜
相关内容