SAT语法知识点总结

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　　The Little Three

　　In addition to the Big Five, you’ll likely see aquestion once in a while that dealswith one of thesethree concepts:

　　Conjunctions

　　Fragments

　　Coordination and subordination

　　We call these the Little Three, and below we explain them all.

　　1. Conjunctions

　　Conjunctions are connecting words such as and, but, that, and or. They help linktwo partsof a sentence together. Suppose you have two sentences:

　　Abigail jumped off her horse. She then dove into a pool of deep water.

　　A conjunction such as and enables you to connect the two halves of the sentence:

　　Abigail jumped off her horse and into a pool of deep water.

　　Improving Sentences questions test you on conjunctions by including sentencesin which theconjunction makes the sentence illogical or clunky.

　　Nick wrote a novel and it depicts the life of a somewhat inspiring record store clerk.

　　(A) and it depicts

　　(B) being the depiction of

　　(C) it depicts

　　(D) that depicts

　　(E) and depicting in it

　　The right answer is D. In this sentence, the conjunction that expresses the function ofthe novel more smoothly than the clunky phrase and it does.

　　2. Fragments

　　Fragments are almost the opposite of run-on sentences. Run-on sentences have clausessquashed together and joined incorrectly. Fragments have no independent clause andtherefore are incomplete sentences.

　　The hunchback vice principal growling at students in the main office.

　　(A) The hunchback vice principal growling

　　(B) The hunchback vice principal having growled

　　(C) Growling, the hunchback vice principal

　　(D) It is the hunchback vice-principal

　　(E) The hunchback vice principal growls

　　In this sentence, the clause lacks a proper verb for the subject (the hunchbackviceprincipal). The sentence would be complete if it read, The hunchback viceprincipal growling atterrified students was notorious for his brutal tactics. Notice though that the answer choicesdon’t fix the fragment that way. Instead,the correct answer, E, takes away the problem ofexpectation altogether. Whenyou read The hunchback vice principal growls at terrifiedstudents, you don’t expect the sentence to continue. He growls and that’s the end of the story.

　　3. Coordination and Subordination

　　Bad coordination happens in gym class when you trip over your own feet or crash intosomeone else on the field. Bad coordination in a sentence happens when two clauses arejoined together with a word that makes their relationshipconfusing.

　　John made T-shirts for the swim team, but he designed the logos himself.

　　(A) but he designed the logos himself

　　(B) however, he designed the logos himself

　　(C) and he designed the logos himself

　　(D) since he designed the logos himself

　　(E) and yet, he designed the logos himself

　　The sentences makes it clear that John creates his own T-shirts. He also designslogos forthe T-shirts. So should the word but express the relationship betweenthese two activities? No, because the two activities are closely related. The wordbut would make sense only if thesentence said something like John made T-shirts, but other than that he sat around playingvideo games all day. The word but suggests a contrast, a change in the direction of thesentence. If youget to the middle of a sentence and it takes an unexpected turn, look for acoordination error.

　　In this question, you can eliminate B because the word however is also a bad choice whenjoining these two clauses. It expresses the same kind of contrasting relationship as does theword but. You can eliminate E for the samereason. Answer D isn’t quite as bad as B and E, butJohn made T-shirts for theswim team, since he designed the logos himself doesn’t make thatmuch sense.John doesn’t make T-shirts because he designs the logos, he makes T-shirts anddesigns the logos, which is exactly what C says. Bingo.

　　We thought it would be helpful to put together a list of conjunctions and split them upbased on whether they suggest contrast or no contrast. Contrast conjunction words like butrequire the meaning of the sentence to change direction. For example, “I would go to school, but I don’t feel well.” Noncontrast

　　conjunction words like and keep the sentence flowing in the same direction. Forexample, “After school I will practice piano and eat a snack.”

　　Here’s a chart to help you learn the most important contrast and non contrastconjunction words.

　　Noncontrast Conjunctions：and　　because　　since　　so　　hus　　therefore

　　Contrast Conjunctions：but　　though　　although　　while　　trather　　instead　　unless　　despite　　however　　nevertheless　　notwithstanding

　　Subordination problems happen when there are two subordinate clauses and nomainclause. You don’t need to know what that jargon means. Instead, you justneed to knowsubordination problems tend to occur when sentences contain more than one of theconjunction words listed above. If you see one clause thatstarts with although, because, if, since, or so that, and then another clause thatstarts with one of these words, you’ll hear thesubordination problem loud andclear:

　　Because Teddy thought his first date with Maria went well, so that he called her every dayfor the next week.

　　(A) so that he called her every day for the next week

　　(B) although he called her every day for the next week

　　(C) because he called her every day for the next week

　　(D) he called her every day for the next week

　　(E)and he called her every day for the next week

　　You don’t need to know that this sentence is an example of bad subordination.Just noticethat the two parts of the sentence don’t go together. Why don’t theyfit together? Becausethere’s something strange about the middle of the sentence. You hit the comma, and then thesentence takes an unexpected turn.

　　The first part of the sentence sets you up: Since Teddy thought his first date with Mariawent well, you expect something along the lines of he invited her outagain or he kissed her onher front porch, right? Instead, you get the phrase sothat. That just sounds incorrect anddoesn’t make a lot of sense.

　　Knowing the sentence contains an error allows you to eliminate A. In B, the word althoughgives you exactly the same sort of problem that plagues the original sentence. Same with C, because. He thought the date went well because he called her every day the next week? No. That doesn’t make sense.In E, the word and doesn’t go with the although that starts thesentence. PlugD back into the sentence to make sure it fits: Because Teddy thought his firstdate with Maria went well, he called her every day for the next week. Lookin’ good.

　　As we emphasized a few times already, relying on your ear and on what “soundsright” isdangerous on the SAT. The SAT wants you to trust your ear and go with what you think mightsound right in converSATion or casual English. Remember that the SAT is anything but casualand that Improving Sentences questions test standard written English, not the same Englishyou speak with friends or family. That makes learning the rules and familiarizing yourselfwiththese words all the more important.

　　以上就为大家整理的“SAT语法知识点总结”，更多精彩内容，请关注新东方在线SAT频道。

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