选课中心NEW
7099人选课
SAT【0】元讲座
免费学
托福【0】元讲座
免费学
SAT模考网站HOT
39209人预约
托福TPO模考网站HOT
39209人预约
SAT辅导课程NEW
免费报名
AP辅导课程NEW
立即报名
中学生托福课程NEW
立即报名
大学生托福课程NEW
立即报名
【定制】1v1
私人订制
【资料】考前冲刺
精
扫码添加助教
免费领取
备考资料大礼包
扫码关注公众号
a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty.
Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.
It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.
There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution in those entrusted with its administration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into different depositaries, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments ancient and modern; some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitutiondesignates. But let there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit, which the use can at any time yield.
Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked: Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.
It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric?
Promote then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened.
As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it, avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertion in time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the intrinsic embarrassment, inseparable from the selection of the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time dictate.
Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be, that good policy does not equally enjoin it - It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices?
In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be excluded; and that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards another a habitual hatred or a habitual fondness is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence, frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations, has been the victim.
So likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions; by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld. And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation), facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding, with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.
As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways,
SAT水平能力测试【0元免费测试】
本文关键字: 华盛顿告别演讲
资料下载
SAT阅读+文法+数学专项题型练习册
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-可汗练习题
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-CB官方样题
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
《学科留学百问 (AP-IB-A Level)》
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
2023中国学生本科留学备考白皮书
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
2023北美考试一本通高中篇
发布时间:2023-02-22添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
新东方SAT阅读讲义
发布时间:2023-02-06添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
2023北美考试一本通高中篇
发布时间:2023-02-06关注美本留学家长帮微信订阅号
回复【美本资料】获取
2023中国学生本科留学备考白皮书
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本】获取
《学科留学百问 (AP-IB-A Level)》
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-CB官方样题
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
机考SAT-可汗练习题
发布时间:2019-12-19添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
SAT阅读+文法+数学专项题型练习册
发布时间:2019-11-28添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加美本助教
即可获取美本资料大礼包
推荐阅读
更多>>在2024年的QS学科排名中,英国大学再次展现了他们在教育领域的卓越表现。这次排名中,英国大学在16个学科领域取得了世界第一的成绩,为其在全球教育界树立了新的标杆。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 11:16:49 关键字 : QS学科排名,英国大学qs学科排名
市场营销作为当代商业领域中至关重要的学科之一,一直备受关注。为了帮助读者更好地了解2024年全球市场营销学科的最新发展和排名情况,本文将介绍QS世界大学市场营销学科的排名榜单,并提供相关的官网链接供读者参考。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:21:37 关键字 : 市场营销学科排名,qs学科排名
备受关注的2024年酒店管理学科全球大学排名榜单终于揭晓,给全球学子带来了巨大的惊喜和期待。作为酒店管理学科领域的权威排行榜,该榜单汇集了各大知名院校和学者的投票和研究结果,为学生们提供了一份权威的选校参考指南。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:15:16 关键字 : 酒店管理学科排名,qs学科排名
每年QS世界大学统计与运筹学学科排名榜单都受到广泛关注,2024年的排名榜单也引起了极大的关注和讨论。首先,让我们来看一下2024QS世界大学统计与运筹学学科排名榜单的前几名。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:10:12 关键字 : 统计与运筹学学科排名,qs学科排名
随着2024QS世界大学经济与计量经济学学科排名榜单的发布,我们可以全面了解到这一领域的最新动态。本文将为您详细介绍2024QS世界大学经济与计量经济学学科排名榜单,解读其中的重点内容,并对我国相关大学在排名中的表现进行分析。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-23 10:03:55 关键字 : 经济与计量经济学学科排名,qs学科排名
最新发布的2024QS世界大学社会政策与行政管理排名榜单已经震动了全球教育界。这一排名榜单是依据世界知名教育机构QS(Quacquarelli Symonds)的权威数据和专业评估,为我们提供了一份准确且独具参考价值的全球大学排名。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 17:01:59 关键字 : 社会政策与行政管理学科排名,qs学科排名
社会学作为一门独具特色的学科,对于了解人类社会的发展和变迁起着举足轻重的作用。每年,QS世界大学社会学排名榜单会揭晓全球各大高等院校在这一领域的表现,并成为了各界人士瞩目的焦点。今天,让我们一起来揭晓2024年的榜单,并深入探讨排名的背后故事。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:56:00 关键字 : 社会学学科排名,qs学科排名
在当今竞争激烈的社会中,选择一所优秀的大学对我们的未来发展至关重要。随着法律行业的日益发展和全球化的趋势,了解和掌握国际上优秀的法律学府成为了无比重要的事情。而2024QS世界大学法律与法律研究排名榜单正是我们选择合适学府的权威指南。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:51:49 关键字 : 法律与法律研究学科排名,qs学科排名
2024QS世界大学教育与培训排名榜单,作为权威的评估之一,给出了全球范围内的学府排名。本次榜单覆盖了各个学科领域,综合评估了学校的教学质量、师资水平、科研实力等多个方面,旨在为学生和家长提供一个参考。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:48:08 关键字 : 教育与培训学科排名,qs学科排名
政治学作为一门研究人类政治行为、政治制度、政治思想等内容的学科,一直备受关注。近日,2024QS世界大学排名公布了最新的政治学学科排名榜单,引起了广泛的关注和讨论。
来源 : 网络整理 2024-04-22 16:38:53 关键字 : 政治学学科排名,qs学科排名
自动领取备考资料大礼包
1. 打开手机微信【扫一扫】,识别上方二维码;
2.添加【美本助教】,自动领取留学备考资料大礼包。
公开讲座
更多>>真实了解自己的水平,为备考做好规划!
价格 : ¥0元
真实了解自己的水平,为备考做好规划!
价格 : ¥0元
真实了解自己的水平,为备考做好规划!
价格 : ¥0元
资料下载
更多>>添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
关注美本留学家长帮微信订阅号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
添加新东方在线美本助教号
回复【美本资料】获取
自动领取备考资料大礼包
1. 打开手机微信【扫一扫】,识别上方二维码;
2.添加【Ella助教】,自动领取留学备考资料大礼包。
阅读排行榜
相关内容