SAT词汇：以C开头的生物专业词汇

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　　Calvin cycle(光合碳循环)

　　Light-independent phase of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is fixed to a three-carbon compound used to form glucose. ATP and NADH are consumed in this cycle. Also called the Calvin-Benson cycle or the dark reactions.

　　Capillary(毛细血管)

　　Tiny blood vessels able to branch through the body and deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell.

　　Carbon(碳)

　　The central element of life. Carbon has the ability to form bonds with up to four other elements or molecules at the same time.

　　carrying capacity(容纳生物的最高容量)

　　The maximum number of individuals in a population that can be sustained in a given environment. As populations become increasingly concentrated, competition for food and space, predation, and disease all determine carrying capacity.

　　Cartilage(软骨)

　　A firm but flexible substance, found in regions of vertebrate skeletons, such as the ribs, that need to bend.

　　Cell(细胞)

　　The smallest unit of life, consisting of a solution of organic molecules enclosed by a plasma membrane.

　　cell cycle(细胞周期) ：有丝分裂：间-前-中-后-末(Inter-pro-meta-ana-telo)

　　A process in which cells reproduce. First the cell replicates its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The two main phases of the cell cycle are interphase and mitosis.

　　cell membrane(细胞膜)

　　The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells, regulating the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.

　　cellular respiration(细胞呼吸)

　　The process in which the cell burns glucose to create ATP with the aid of oxygen. Cells have two different methods of turning food into usable fuel: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

　　cell theory(细胞学说)

　　The doctrine that every living organism is composed of cells and that all cells come only from other preexisting cells.

　　cell wall(细胞壁)

　　A rigid structure that surrounds the outer membrane of some cells and helps maintain their shape. In plants the cell wall contains cellulose; in fungi it contains chitin; in prokaryotes it typically contains peptidoglycan.

　　Cellulose(葡萄糖)

　　A complex carbohydrate that constitutes the cell walls of plants and protist molds.

　　central nervous system (CNS/中枢神经系统)

　　The brain and the spinal cord. The CNS acts as the central command center of the body. Mostly made up of interneurons.

　　Centriole(中心粒)：中心体的主要结构。在细胞分裂前期向细胞两极移动，当中有纺缍丝相连

　　A structure in the cell that plays an important role in cell replication. During prophase, the centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell and form the mitotic spindle, which allows the chromosomes to be organized and split when the cell divides.

　　Cerebellum(小脑)

　　Part of the brain. Makes sure that movements are coordinated and balanced.

　　Cerebrum(大脑)

　　Part of the brain. Controls all voluntary movement, sensory perception, speech, memory, and creative thought.

　　chemical cycles(化学物质循环)

　　The cycles in which inorganic elements move through the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem. The two most important chemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles.

　　Chemosynthesis(化学合成)

　　Synthesizing organic compounds by energy derived from chemical reactions rather than from the energy of the sun. Chemosynthetic organisms are autotrophs.

　　Chitin(几丁质)

　　A rough polysaccharide that constitutes the cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods.

　　Chlorophyll(叶绿素)

　　A pigment located within a chloroplast that absorbs light in plant cells, helping to convert light energy into biological energy through the process of photosynthesis.

　　Chloroplast(叶绿体)

　　A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plant cells. Chloroplasts are responsible for mediating photosynthesis.

　　Chromatin(染色质)

　　The stringy web of genetic material and histone proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. During cell division, each strand of DNA coils to form a chromosome.

　　Chromosome(染色体)

　　A physical structure composed of a single long strand of DNA (and associated proteins), containing along its length many genes. The human genome consists of 46 chromosomes contained within the nucleus of each cell.

　　Cilia(纤毛)

　　Short, hairlike projections found on eukaryotic cells that can help the cell move or can sweep food particles toward the mouth.

　　circadian rhythms(生物周期节奏)

　　Behavior cycles that depend on time of day.

　　circulatory system(循环系统)

　　System of organs and blood that brings nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries away wastes. In higher vertebrates, the system has a pulmonary and systemic circuit. The pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated, while the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, while arthropods have an open system.

　　citric acid cycle(柠檬酸循环)

　　See Krebs cycle.

　　climax community(顶级群落)

　　A combination of plant and animal forms that dominate mature ecological communities. Climax communities are unique and shaped by various factors, including temperature, rainfall, and soil acidity.

　　Codominance(共同显性)

　　A phenomenon in which two alleles of the same gene are fully expressed in the phenotype when both are present in a heterozygote. Blood type is an example of codominance.

　　Codon(密码子)

　　A three-nucleotide sequence in a DNA or mRNA molecule. Each codon specifies a single amino acid.

　　Coenzyme(辅酶)

　　A compound that regulates activity by binding to an enzyme to tell it when to catalyze a reaction.

　　cold-blooded(冷血)

　　Animals that are unable to retain heat produced by metabolic activities. Also known as ectothermic. The metabolism of cold-blooded animals is greatly influenced by climate and temperature.

　　Community(群落)

　　The many populations that interact in a given geographical locale constitute ecological communities. Communities exhibit particular interactions such as competition, symbiosis, predation, and food relationships. They also undergo ecological succession.

　　Competition(竞争)

　　The struggle for survival between organisms or populations that use similar resources and occupy similar niches. Interspecific competition refers to competition between populations that may drive a population out of a community or push it to evolve a different niche to reduce competition. Intraspecific competition refers to competition between individuals of the same species.

　　Consumer(消费者)

　　Consumers are heterotrophic organisms within the food web of a community. In the trophic levels of the food chain, primary consumers consume producers, secondary consumers consume primary consumers, and tertiary consumers consume secondary consumers.

　　contractile vacuole(伸缩泡)

　　An organelle often found in protozoa that pumps excess water out of the cell to keep the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment (like freshwater).

　　corpus luteum(黄体素)

　　After releasing its ovum (ovulation), the follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone(黄体酮) for the continued buildup of the uterine wall.

　　cotyledon(子叶)

　　A “Seed Leaf”, responsible for food digestion and storage in a plant embryo.

　　crossing-over(染色体交换)

　　The exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. Crossing-over can disrupt the normal linkage between genes on the same chromosome.

　　cretinism(呆小症)

　　A thyroid deficiency that results in stunted growth and feeblemindedness.

　　Cytochrome(细胞色素)

　　A hydrogen carrier, containing iron that functions in many cellular processes, including respiration.

　　Cytokinesis(细胞质分裂)

　　The final part of mitosis, in which a cell with duplicated contents splits into two independent cells.

　　Cytoplasm(细胞质)

　　The entire content of the cell outside the nucleus, including the membrane-bound organelles and the cytosol.

　　Cytoskeleton(细胞骨架)

　　A system of protein filaments found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, which provides structural support for the cell. The cytoskeleton also helps with the movement of organelles within the cell. It is composed of microfilaments and microtubules.

　　Cytosol(细胞溶质)

　　The main component of the cytoplasm. It is a grayish, gel-like liquid containing the nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton.

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