SAT阅读信息类题型文章考查重点剖析

2016-12-01 10:36:00来源：新东方钟小媛

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　　Argument

　　❶ premise/assumption: 作者在提出观点/立场时所做出的假设;

　　❷ claim: 作者对于话题所提出的观点/立场;

　　❸ reasons：作者支撑观点/立场的原因;

　　❹ evidence: 作者支撑原因是所引用的证据，证据可以是数据、例子、个人逸事、引用名人名言等等;

　　❺ anticipating opposing viewpoint(s)：作者在论证自己的观点/立场过程中，预料他人/读者的反对;

　　❻ proving counterargument;作者反驳他们/读者的反对的时候，提出的驳论;

　　Claim, Assumption and evidence

　　作者在表达自己的意图的同时，离不开表达自己的立场/观点，比如说，作者是支持女性保持传统角色，还是支持女性争取更多权力呢?或者说作者是支持Civil Act的通过，还是反对呢?能体现作者态度的，就是claim。应该留意的是，一篇文章中，不仅仅是作者会表明自己的观点，作者也会引用他人的观点，与自己的观点形成形成对比，要注意区分观点以及辨认观点之间的关系，是argument的一个难点。

　　那什么是assumption呢?assumption 也称premise简单来说，作者/他人在表达立场的时候做出的前提假设。举个例子：2007年5月SAT真题中：

　　Some people might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial task. Couldn't you, for instance, simply count the number of times a person yawns during any given hour or so?

　　态度/立场：测量睏意是一件简单的事情，难道不能够通过通过一个人打哈欠的次数来判断吗?

　　此立场是基于一个前提假设的，那就是，打哈欠跟睏意有直接关联(暂且不考虑影响睏意的其他因素)，所以，能通过打哈欠的次数判断一个人的睏意。

　　对于Claim以及assumption/premise的考查，详见CCSS第6条以及第8条。

　　6. Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text in which the rhetoric is particularly effective, analyzing how style and content contribute to the power, persuasiveness, or beauty of the text.

　　8. Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning (e.g., in U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions and dissents) and the premises, purposes, and arguments in works of public advocacy (e.g., The Federalist, presidential addresses).

　　应对CCSS，新SAT Official Guide 中对于claim 与assumption也是做了相应考查的：

　　例5：Official Guide Test 1 Passage 4(历史)

　　33. The central claim of the passage is that

　　A) educated women face a decision about how to engage with existing institutions.

　　B) women can have positions of influence in English society only if they give up some of their traditional roles.

　　C) the male monopoly on power in English society has had grave and continuing effects.

　　D) the entry of educated women into positions of power traditionally held by men will transform those positions.

　　例6：Official Guide Test 3 Passage 3(科学)

　　23. Which statement best captures Ken Dial’s central assumption in setting up his research?

　　A) The acquisition of flight in young birds sheds light on the acquisition of flight in their evolutionary ancestors.

　　B) The tendency of certain young birds to jump erratically is a somewhat recent evolved behavior.

　　C) Young birds in a controlled research setting are less likely than birds in the wild to require perches when at rest.

　　D) Ground-dwelling and tree-climbing predecessors to birds evolved in parallel.

　　至于Evidence(详见CCSS第1条)，无论是explicit 或者implicit的evidence，都是新SAT 中Command of Evidence题型考查的重点，这里笔者不再赘述;此外，值得留意的事，应对CCSS第7条，新SAT还加入数据/表格等等形式呈现的证据，这也是新SAT考查的重点。

　　1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain.

　　7. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.

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