AP化学词汇（一）

　　对于中国学生来说，一门优秀的AP成绩不仅对学生的申请有所帮助，还能为以后融入美国的学习生活打下基础。对于学习AP的同学来说，掌握词汇是至关重要的，词汇量不足将对答题速度和对标题理解都会影响。新东方在线AP盘点了各科目的词汇，今天为大家带来的是：AP化学词汇(一)，建议同学们收藏。

　　AP化学词汇(一)

　　atomic mass (ma)

　　原子质量

　　The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units.

　　It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative abundances of different isotopes.

　　average atomic

　　mass

　　相对原子质量

　　The average atomic mass of carbon is 12.011. This is a weighted average based on three forms (isotopes) of carbon with different natural abundances.

　　Carbon 12 has an atomic mass of 12.00 (carbon 12 is a special case because its mass is defined to be exactly 12 atomic mass units) and a natural abundance of 0.9893.

　　mass units (symbol:u, or Da)

　　原子质量单位

　　The unified atomic mass unit or Dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).

　　One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol.

　　proton

　　质子

　　A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.

　　neutron

　　中子

　　The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0, with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms.

　　mass number

　　质量数

　　The mass number (A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number,is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in

　　an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion.

　　isotopic mass

　　同位素质量

　　The atomic mass (relative isotopic mass) is defined as the mass of a single atom, which can only be one isotope (nuclide) at a time, and is not an abundance-weighted average, as in the case of relative atomic mass/atomic weight.

　　property

　　性质

　　A property or characteristic of a substance that is observed during a reaction in which the chemical composition or identity of the substance is changed:Combustibility is an important chemical property to consider when choosing building materials.

　　composition

　　组成

　　The nature of something's ingredients or constituents; the way in which a whole or mixture is made up.

　　element

　　元素

　　Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances.On the molecular level, each element is composed of only one kind of atom.

　　compound

　　化合物

　　Compounds are substances composed of two or more elements; they contain two or more kinds of atoms.

　　Mixture

　　混合物

　　Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity.

　　molecule

　　分子

　　A molecule is an entity composed of two or more atoms with the atoms attached to one another in a specific way.

　　percent composition

　　组成百分比

　　Percent composition is the term used to describe the percent by mass of each element in a compound. It is typically found using the molar mass values for both the elements in the compound and the compound itself.

　　empirical formula

　　经验式

　　In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of

　　this concept is that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical formula of disulfur dioxide, S2O2.

　　molar ratio

　　摩尔比例

　　Molar ratio is the proportion of one substance to another in a given chemical reaction. It is the ratio of their coefficients in the chemical equation.

　　molecular formula

　　分子式

　　Molecular Formula. The molecular formula is an expression of the number and type of atoms that are present in a single molecule of a substance. It represents the actual formula of a molecule. Subscripts after element symbols represent the number of atoms.

　　whole-number

　　整数

　　A number without fractions; an integer.

　　monoprotic acid

　　单元酸

　　A monoprotic acid is an acid that donates only one proton or hydrogen atomper molecule to an aqueous solution. This is in contrast to acids capable of donating more than one proton or hydrogen, which are called polypro ticacids.

　　Mole

　　摩尔

　　Moles are small mammals adapted to a subterranean lifestyle. They have cylindrical bodies; velvety fur; very small, inconspicuous ears and eyes; reduced hind limbs; and short, powerful forelimbs with large paws adapted for digging.

　　Avogadro’s Number

　　阿伏伽德罗常数

　　In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant is the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the

　　amount of substance given by one mole. Thus, it is the proportionality factor that relates the molar mass of a compound to the mass of a sample.

　　stoichiometry

　　计算

　　Stoichiometry /ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmᵻtri/ is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions. Stoichiometry is founded on

　　the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products leading to the insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers.

　　Molar Mass

　　摩尔质量

　　In chemistry, the molar mass M is a physical property defined as the mass of a given substance (chemical element or chemical compound) divided by the

　　amount of substance. The base SI unit for molar mass is kg/mol.

　　conversion factors

　　转换因子

　　The easiest way to do stoichiometric calculations involves using conversion factors. A conversion factor is a ratio (or fraction) which represents the relationship between two different units. A conversion factor is ALWAYS equal to 1.

　　balanced chemical

　　equations

　　平衡的化学方程式

　　A balanced chemical equation is when both the products and the reactants are balanced, or have the same number of atoms on each side of the equation.

　　dissolve

　　溶解

　　In science, dissolve means forming strong bonds between molecules of solute &solvent to form a complete solution which cannot be separated by simple processes like filtration.

　　density

　　密度

　　The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used.

　　Coulomb’s law

　　库仑定律

　　Coulomb's law or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics that describes force interacting between static electrically charged particles,

　　where ke is Coulomb's constant, q1 and q2 are the signed magnitudes of the charges, the scalar r is the distance between the charges.

　　ionic solid

　　离子晶体

　　Ionic solids are solids composed of oppositely charged ions. They consist of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions .When Ionic Solids are dissolved in water the cations and the anions separate, they become free to move about in the water allowing the solution to conduct electrical current.

　　lattice energy

　　晶格能

　　Lattice energy, the energy needed to completely separate an ionic solid, such as common table salt, into gaseous ions (also the energy released in the reverse process). Lattice energy is usually measured in kilojoules per mole(1 mole = 6.0221367 * 1023).

　　ionization energy

　　电离能

　　The ionization energy (IE) is qualitatively defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous

　　atom to form a cation, where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X is that atom or molecule with an electron removed, and e is the

　　removed electron. This is an endothermic process.

　　electron

　　电子

　　A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

　　first ionization

　　energy

　　第一电离能

　　By definition, the first ionization energy of an element is the energy needed to remove the outermost, or highest energy, electron from a neutral atom in the gas phase.

　　second ionization

　　energy

　　第二电离能

　　Second ionization energy is the energy needed to remove a second electron from an atom after one has already been removed. It always takes energy to

　　remove electrons from atoms, although the amount of energy varies greatly.This process is known as ionization, which makes charged ions from neutral

　　atoms.

　　Aufbau Principle

　　构筑原理

　　The Aufbau Principle, from the German Aufbauprinzip (building-up principle), also called the Aufbau Rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying higher levels.

　　Pauli Exclusion

　　Principle

　　包利不相容原理

　　The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle that states that two identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.

　　Hund’s Rule

　　洪特规则

　　In atomic physics, Hund's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1927, which are used to determine the

　　term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom.The first rule is especially important in chemistry, where it is often referred to as, simply, Hund's Rule.

　　electron

　　configuration

　　电子排布

　　In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure)in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s²2s²2p⁶.

　　noble gas

　　惰性气体

　　The noble gases make a group of chemical elements with similar properties.Under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six noble gases that occur naturally are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn).

　　excited state

　　激发态

　　In quantum mechanics an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum).

　　ground state

　　基态

　　The ground state of a quantum mechanical system is its lowest-energy state; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the

　　system. An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state.

　　momentum

　　动量

　　The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.

　　the Heisenberg uncertainty

　　principle

　　海森堡测不准原理

　　In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.

　　Rydberg equation

　　里德堡方程

　　The Rydberg formula is used in atomic physics to describe the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements. It was formulated by the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, and presented on 5 November 1888.

　　orbital

　　轨道

　　In chemistry and quantum mechanics, an orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wavelike behavior of an electron, electron pair, or (less commonly) nucleons. An orbital may also be called an atomic orbital or electron orbital.

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