AP化学词汇（六）

　　对于中国学生来说，一门优秀的AP成绩不仅对学生的申请有所帮助，还能为以后融入美国的学习生活打下基础。对于学习AP的同学来说，掌握词汇是至关重要的，词汇量不足将对答题速度和对标题理解都会影响。新东方在线AP盘点了各科目的词汇，今天为大家带来的是：AP化学词汇(六)，建议同学们收藏。

　　AP化学词汇(六)

　　single bond

　　单键

　　In chemistry, a single bond is a chemical bond between two atoms involving two valence electrons. That is, the atoms share one pair of electrons where the bond forms. Therefore, a single bond is a type of covalent bond.

　　triple bond

　　三键

　　A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. The most common triple bond that is between two carbon atoms can be found in alkynes.

　　double bond

　　双键

　　A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond that is between two carbon atoms can be found in alkenes.

　　potential energy

　　势能

　　Chemical potential energy is energy that is stored in atoms and the bonds between atoms and can be released by various chemical reactions. An example that most people are familiar with is the energy released when fossil fuels such as gasoline are burned.

　　kinetic energy

　　动能

　　Kinetic energy is a form of energy which is possessed by one during its relative motion.

　　internal energy

　　内能

　　The total energy of a closed system, the sum of potential energy and its kinetic energy.

　　diatomic

　　双原子的

　　Having two atoms in the molecule.

　　binary compounds

　　二元化合物

　　In chemistry, a binary compound is something consisting of precisely two elements.

　　repulsive

　　排斥的 adj. Relating to repulsion between physical objects.

　　intramolecular

　　forces

　　分子内作用力

　　An intramolecular force is any force that holds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound. They contain all types of chemical bond. They are stronger than intermolecular forces, which are present between atoms or molecules that are not actually bonded.

　　octet rule

　　八隅规则

　　A stable group of eight electrons occupying a single shell in an atom.

　　aqueous

　　水溶液的 adj.

　　Of or containing water, typically as a solvent or medium.

　　insoluble

　　不可溶解的 adj. (of a substance) Incapable of being dissolved.

　　metallic bonding

　　金属键

　　Metallic bonding arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. It may be described as the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of positively charged ions (cations).

　　delocalized

　　electrons

　　离域电子

　　In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond.

　　brittle

　　脆的 adj.

　　Hard but liable to break or shatter easily.

　　luster

　　金属光泽

　　A gentle sheen or soft glow, especially that of a partly reflective surface.

　　conductor

　　导体

　　A material or device that conducts or transmits heat, electricity, or sound, especially when regarded in terms of its capacity to do this.

　　alloy

　　合金

　　A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.

　　Lewis diagram

　　路易斯结构图

　　Lewis structures, also known as Lewis dot diagrams, Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDS), are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.

　　VSEPR model

　　VSEPR 模型

　　Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used, in chemistry, to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number

　　of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named Gillespie–Nyholm theory after its two main developers. The acronym "VSEPR" is pronounced either "ves-per" or "vuh-seh-per" by some chemists.

　　lone pairs

　　孤电子对

　　In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom and is sometimes called a non-bonding pair. Lone pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms. They can be identified by using a Lewis structure. Electron pairs are therefore considered lone pairs if two electrons are paired but are not used in chemical bonding.

　　bond order

　　键级

　　Bond order is the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. For example, in diatomic nitrogen N≡N the bond order is 3, in acetylene H−C≡C−H the bond order between the two carbon atoms is also 3, and the C−H bond order is 1. Bond order gives an indication of the stability of a bond.

　　resonance

　　共振

　　In chemistry, resonance or mesomerism is a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the bonding cannot be expressed by one single Lewis structure. A molecule or ion with such delocalized electrons is represented by several contributing structures (also called resonance structures or canonical structures).

　　formal charge

　　正式电荷

　　In chemistry, a formal charge (FC) is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally

　　between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.

　　Hybrid Orbital

　　Theory

　　杂化轨道理论

　　In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

　　hybridization

　　杂化

　　In chemistry, hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. Hybrid orbitals are very useful in the explanation of molecular geometry and atomic bonding properties.

　　Sigma bonds

　　sigma 键

　　In chemistry, sigma bonds (σ bonds) are the strongest type of covalent chemical bond. They are formed by head-on overlapping between atomic orbitals. Sigma bonding is most simply defined for diatomic molecules using the language and tools of symmetry groups. In this formal approach, a σ-bond is symmetrical with respect to rotation about the bond axis.

　　π 键

　　Pi bond. In chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent chemical bonds where two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap two lobes of an orbital on another atom.

　　tetrahedral

　　四面体 a solid having four plane triangular faces; a triangular pyramid

　　trigonal pyramidal

　　三角锥体

　　In chemistry, a trigonal pyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the apex and three atoms at the corners of a trigonal base. When all three

　　atoms at the corners are identical, the molecule belongs to point group C3v. Some molecules and ions with trigonal pyramidal geometry are ammonia (NH3), xenon trioxide, XeO3, the chlorate ion, ClO3, and the sulfite ion,SO3.

　　bent

　　V 型 adj.

　　Sharply curved or having an angle.

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