AP化学词汇（七）

　　对于中国学生来说，一门优秀的AP成绩不仅对学生的申请有所帮助，还能为以后融入美国的学习生活打下基础。对于学习AP的同学来说，掌握词汇是至关重要的，词汇量不足将对答题速度和对标题理解都会影响。新东方在线AP盘点了各科目的词汇，今天为大家带来的是：AP化学词汇(七)，建议同学们收藏。

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　　AP化学词汇(七)

　　linear

　　线型 adj.

　　Arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight line.

　　isomer

　　同分异构体

　　Each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

　　electron domains

　　电子域

　　In chemistry, the electron domain refers to the number of lone pairs or bond locations around a particular atom in a molecule. Electron domains may also be called electron groups. Bond location is independent of whether the bond is a single, double or triple bond.

　　molten

　　熔融 adj.

　　(especially of materials with a high melting point, such as metal and glass)

　　Liquefied by heat

　　exothermic

　　放热的 adj. (of a reaction or process) Accompanied by the release of heat.

　　ductile

　　可延展的 adj. (of a metal) Able to be drawn out into a thin wire.

　　malleable

　　可塑的 adj.

　　(of a metal or other material) Able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking.

　　graphite

　　石墨

　　A gray crystalline allotropic form of carbon which occurs as a mineral in some rocks and can be made from coke. It is used as a solid lubricant, in

　　pencils, and as a moderator in nuclear reactors

　　semiconductor

　　半导体

　　Semiconductors are crystalline or amorphous solids with distinct electrical characteristics. They are of high resistance-higher than typical resistance materials, but still of much lower resistance than insulators. Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which is behavior opposite to that of a metal.

　　transistor

　　晶体管

　　A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals.

　　molecular solids

　　分子固体

　　A molecular solid is a type of solid in which molecules are held together by van der Waals forces rather than by ionic or covalent bonds.

　　net-ionic equation

　　净离子方程式

　　A Net Ionic Equation is a chemical equation for a reaction which lists only those species participating in the reaction.

　　percent ionization

　　解离百分比

　　The percent ionization is the amount or percentage of a weak acid that exists as ions in a particular concentration. Strong acids and bases isolate

　　altogether into ions in a solution, while weak acids and bases do not.

　　theoretical yield

　　理论产量

　　Maximum amount of a specified product that could be obtained from specified amounts of reactants, assuming complete consumption of limiting reactant according to only one reaction and complete recovery of product.

　　endpoint

　　滴定终点

　　The point in a titration at which a reaction is complete, often marked by a color change.

　　molarity

　　摩尔体积浓度

　　Molarity is the most commonly used term to describe the concentration of a solution. It is equal to the moles of solute divided by the liters of solution. The solute is defined as the substance being dissolved, while the solvent is the substance where the solute is dissolved (usually water).

　　synthesis

　　合成

　　Chemical synthesis means using chemical reactions to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations.

　　Often, several different chemical reactions are used; one after another.

　　decomposition

　　分解

　　Chemical decomposition, analysis or breakdown is the separation of a single chemical compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler

　　compounds. Chemical decomposition is usually regarded and defined as the exact opposite of chemical synthesis.

　　Arrhenius Concept

　　of Acids and Bases

　　阿伦尼乌斯酸碱理论

　　In 1884, Ar Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist proposed a new theory of acids and bases known as Arrhenius concept of acids and bases. According to Arrhenius concept: an acid is a substance which dissociates in an aqueous solution to give hydrogen ions.

　　Brønsted–Lowry

　　Concept of Acids

　　and Bases

　　质子酸碱论

　　Brønsted–Lowry theory, also called proton theory of acids and bases, a theory, introduced independently in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes

　　Nicolaus Brønsted and the English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, stating that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base.

　　Lewis Concept of

　　Acids and Bases

　　路易斯酸碱理论

　　In 1923, American chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis proposed generalized definitions for acids that do not restrict them to compounds containing hydrogen but in terms of the structure of acids and bases. Lewis defined an acid as any molecular or ionic species that contains an atom capable of sharing a pair of electrons furnished by a base.

　　electron-pair

　　acceptor

　　电子对接受体

　　An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process.

　　oxidation-reduction

　　(redox) reaction

　　氧化还原反应

　　A redox reaction (reduction and oxidation reaction) is a reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons. When an element is reduced, it gains

　　electrons and its oxidation number is reduced.

　　valence

　　化合价

　　In chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. The concept of valence was developed in the second half of the 19th century and was successful in explaining the molecular structure of inorganic and organic compounds.

　　oxidizing agent

　　氧化剂

　　In chemistry, oxidizing agent has two meanings. In one sense, an oxidizing agent is a chemical species that removes an electron from another species. It is one component in an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. In the second sense, an oxidizing agent or an oxidizer is a chemical species that transfers electronegative atoms, usually oxygen, to a substrate.

　　reducing agent

　　还原剂

　　A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species

　　in a redox chemical reaction. Since the reducing agent is losing electrons, it is said to have been oxidized.

　　half-reaction

　　半反应

　　A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction.

　　flask

　　瓶 A container for liquids.

　　precipitate

　　沉淀 v. A substance precipitated from a solution.

　　Endothermic

　　吸热的 adj.

　　(of a reaction or process) Accompanied by or requiring the absorption of heat. The opposite of exothermic.

　　reaction coordinate

　　反应坐标

　　In chemistry, a reaction coordinate is an abstract one-dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway. It is usually a geometric parameter that changes during the conversion of one or more molecular entities. In molecular dynamics simulations, a reaction coordinate is called collective variable.

　　thermodynamics

　　热动力学

　　Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure that partly describe a body of matter or radiation.

　　electrode potential

　　电极电势

　　The difference in electric potential between an electrode and the electrolyte with which it is in contact.

　　volt

　　电压单位

　　One volt is defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points.

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