AP化学词汇（九）

　　对于中国学生来说，一门优秀的AP成绩不仅对学生的申请有所帮助，还能为以后融入美国的学习生活打下基础。对于学习AP的同学来说，掌握词汇是至关重要的，词汇量不足将对答题速度和对标题理解都会影响。新东方在线AP盘点了各科目的词汇，今天为大家带来的是：AP化学词汇(九)，建议同学们收藏。

　　AP化学词汇(九)

　　elementary step

　　基元反应

　　An elementary process is also called elementary step or elementary reactions. It expresses how actually molecules or ions react with each other.

　　The equation in an elementary step represents the reaction at the molecular level, not the overall reaction.

　　bimolecular

　　reactions

　　双分子反应

　　Chemical reactions in which two particles participate in the elementary events.

　　Maxwell-Boltzmann

　　thermal distribution

　　波兹曼分布

　　The Maxwell-Boltzmann equation, which forms the basis of the kinetic theory of gases, defines the distribution of speeds for a gas at a certain temperature. From this distribution function, the most probable speed, the average speed, and the root-mean-square speed can be derived.

　　bonds forming

　　键的形成

　　Common types of bonds include ionic, covalent and metallic bonds. The formation of the bond links the two atoms through the strong attractive forces, using a bond, a region where the electrons of the atoms interact with one another.

　　combustion

　　燃烧

　　Combustion /kəmˈbʌs.tʃən/ or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combustion in a fire produces a flame, and the heat produced can make combustion self-sustaining.

　　activated complex

　　活化复合物

　　In chemistry an activated complex is defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as "that assembly of atoms which corresponds to an arbitrary infinitesimally small region at or near the col (saddle point) of a potential energy surface". In other words, it refers to a collection of intermediate structures in a chemical reaction that persist while bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming. It therefore represents not one defined state, but rather a range of transient configurations that a collection of atoms passes through in between clearly defined products and reactants.

　　magnitude

　　级数，量级 The great size or extent of something.

　　liter

　　升

　　The litre (SI spelling) or liter (American spelling) (symbols L or l, sometimes abbreviated ltr) is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimeter (dm3), 1,000 cubic centimeters (cm3) or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre.

　　exponent

　　指数

　　A quantity representing the power to which a given number or expression is to be raised, usually expressed as a raised symbol beside the number or expression (e.g. 3 in 23 = 2 × 2 ×2).

　　multi-step

　　多步骤的 adj. Involving two or more distinct steps or stages.

　　decomposition

　　分解

　　Chemical decomposition, analysis or breakdown is the separation of a single chemical compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler compounds. Chemical decomposition is usually regarded and defined as the exact opposite of chemical synthesis.

　　molar concentration

　　摩尔浓度

　　Molar concentration, also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, or of any chemical species, in terms of amount of substance in a given volume. A commonly used unit for molar concentration used in chemistry is mol/L. A solution of concentration 1 mol/L is also denoted as 1 molar (1 M).

　　reaction

　　intermediates

　　反应中间物

　　An intermediate or reaction intermediate is a substance formed during a middle step of a chemical reaction between reactants and the desired product. Intermediates tend to be extremely reactive and short-lived, so they represent a low concentration in a chemical reaction compared with the amount of reactants or products.

　　bond breaking

　　化学键断裂

　　Bond breaking and bond forming occur during a chemical reaction. The energy changes in chemical reactions are caused by bond breaking and bond forming. Breaking a bond is endothermic. Energy is taken in to break a chemical bond.

　　carbonyl group

　　羟基

　　In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.

　　Haber process

　　哈伯博斯制氨法

　　The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the

　　production of ammonia today. It is named after its inventors, the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who developed it in the first half of the 20th century.

　　in motion

　　动态中 Not static; moving.

　　average kinetic

　　energy

　　平均动能

　　The average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance is determined by the temperature of the medium, using the equation for an ideal gas. If the temperature is unknown, then the average speed and mass of the particles are utilized to determine the average kinetic energy.

　　kinetic energy

　　动能

　　Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. An object of mass m moving at velocity v has a kinetic energy equal to ½mv2.

　　thermal equilibrium

　　热平衡

　　Thermal equilibrium is when the temperature of a system or organism is equal to the temperature of its surroundings. It is part of the zeroth law of

　　thermodynamics. The zeroth law is that if 2 things are at the same temperature, no heat will flow between them.

　　specific heat

　　capacity

　　比热容

　　The quantity of heat that will raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 °C, usually in units of cal g-1 °C-1 or J g-1 °C-1.

　　heat capacity

　　热容

　　The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). It is represented by the symbol c and is given in units of J/K.

　　glycerol

　　甘油

　　A clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the alcohol family of organic compounds.

　　trichloropropane

　　三氯丙烷

　　Trichloropropane is a synthetic chemical that is also known as allyl trichloride, glycerol trichlorohydrin, and trichlorohydrin. It is a colorless, heavy liquid with a sweet but strong odor. It evaporates very quickly and small amounts dissolve in water.

　　enthalpy of

　　combustion

　　燃烧焓

　　The standard enthalpy of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole of a reactant completely burns in excess oxygen under standard thermodynamic conditions (although experimental values are usually obtained under different conditions and subsequently adjusted).

　　thermodynamics

　　热动力学

　　Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation.

　　electromagnetism

　　电磁

　　Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which involves the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually shows electromagnetic fields, such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature.

　　heat exchange

　　热交换 Transfer of heat between two or more objects.

　　The Laws of

　　Thermodynamics

　　热力学定理

　　The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems. The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances, and forbid certain phenomena (such as perpetual motion).

　　phase transition

　　相变

　　A phase transition is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase or state of matter to another one by heat transfer. The term is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

　　condense

　　冷凝 v. Change or cause to change from a gas or vapor to a liquid

　　enthalpy of

　　vaporization

　　蒸发焓

　　The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ∆Hvap) also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy (enthalpy) that must be added to the substance, typically a liquid, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

　　work

　　功

　　In physics, a force is said to do work if, when acting on a body, there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force. For example, when a ball is held above the ground and then dropped, the work done on the ball as it falls is equal to the weight of the ball (a force) multiplied by the distance to the ground (a displacement).

　　heat of reaction

　　反应热

　　The heat of reaction (also known and enthalpy of reaction) is the change in the enthalpy of a chemical reaction that occurs at a constant pressure. It is a thermodynamic unit of measurement useful for calculating the amount of energy per mole either released or produced in a reaction.

　　calorimeter

　　热量计

　　A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity.

　　Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal microcalorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types.

　　piston

　　活塞

　　A disk or short cylinder fitting closely within a tube in which it moves up and down against a liquid or gas, used in an internal combustion engine to derive motion, or in a pump to impart motion.

　　cylinder

　　圆筒/气缸 The piston chamber in an engine; a chamber in a pump from which the piston expels the fluid.

　　bucket

　　桶 A roughly cylindrical open container, typically made of metal or plastic, with a handle, used to hold and carry liquids or other material.

　　bond enthalpies

　　键焓

　　The bond enthalpy is the energy required to break a chemical bond. It is usually expressed in units of kJ mol-1, measured at 298 K. The exact bond

　　enthalpy of a particular chemical bond depends upon the molecular environment in which the bond exists. Therefore, bond enthalpy values given in chemical data books are averaged values.

　　isolated system

　　隔离系统

　　An isolated system obeys the conservation law that its total energy–mass stays constant. Most often, in thermodynamics, matter and energy are treated as separately conserved.

　　ozone

　　臭氧

　　Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O3.It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O2 or dioxygen. Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light (UV) and electrical discharges within the Earth's atmosphere. It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

SAT模拟考试网站【0元免费测试】

点击下方图片即可测试

【2024美本留学备考资料免费领取】

　　你是否还想知道

　　AP各科目词汇完整版【合集】

SAT水平能力测试【0元免费测试】