AP化学词汇（十）

　　对于中国学生来说，一门优秀的AP成绩不仅对学生的申请有所帮助，还能为以后融入美国的学习生活打下基础。对于学习AP的同学来说，掌握词汇是至关重要的，词汇量不足将对答题速度和对标题理解都会影响。新东方在线AP盘点了各科目的词汇，今天为大家带来的是：AP化学词汇(十)，建议同学们收藏。

　　AP化学词汇(十)

　　surroundings

　　环境

　　The system is the part of the universe we wish to focus our attention on. In the world of chemistry, the system is the chemical reaction, and the surroundings are everything else in this universe.

　　open system

　　开放系统

　　An open system can transfer both energy and matter to and from the surroundings.

　　closed system

　　封闭系统

　　A closed system is one where energy can be transferred to the surroundings but matter cannot.

　　dipole-induced

　　dipole force

　　偶极-偶极作用力

　　A dipole-induced dipole attraction is a weak attraction that results when a polar molecule induces a dipole in an atom or in a nonpolar molecule by

　　disturbing the arrangement of electrons in the nonpolar species.

　　dipole moment

　　偶极矩

　　A measure of the polarity in a chemical bond or molecule, equal to the product of one charge and the distance between the charges.

　　nonane

　　壬烷; A colorless liquid hydrocarbon of the alkane series, present in petroleum spirit.

　　repulsions

　　排斥力 A force under the influence of which objects tend to move away from each other, e.g. through having the same magnetic polarity or electric charge.

　　hydrogen bonding

　　氢键

　　The definition of hydrogen bond is a chemical bond between the hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. An example of hydrogen bond is water

　　molecules bonding together in the form of ice.

　　electrostatic forces

　　静电力

　　Electrostatic force is the force that occurs between electrically charged objects. The Force existing between two charged particles is known as

　　electrostatic force. Example of it would be: plastic rubber.

　　hydration energy

　　水合能

　　Hydration energy (also hydration enthalpy) is the amount of energy released when one mole of ions undergo hydration. It is a special case of dissolution energy, with the solvent being water. For example, upon dissolving a salt in water, the outermost ions (those at the edge of the lattice) move away from the lattice and become covered with the neighboring water molecules.

　　polarizable

　　可被极化的 adj.

　　Polarizability is the ability to form instantaneous dipoles. It is a property of matter. Polarizabilities determine the dynamical response of a bound system to external fields, and provide insight into a molecule's internal structure.

　　thymine

　　胸腺嘧啶

　　A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.

　　adenine

　　腺嘌呤

　　A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

　　base pairs

　　碱基对

　　A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix, and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA.

　　DNA strand

　　DNA 链

　　A long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission

　　of genetic information.

　　electron cloud

　　电子云

　　An electron cloud is the region of negative charge surrounding an atomic nucleus that is associated with an atomic orbital. It is defined mathematically, describing a region with a high probability of containing electrons.

　　disorder

　　混乱/无序 A lack of order or regular arrangement; disarray; confusion.

　　dehydration of

　　ethanol

　　乙醇脱水

　　The dehydration of ethanol to give ethene. Ethanol is heated with an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature of 170°C. The gases

　　produced are passed through sodium hydroxide solution to remove the carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide produced from side reactions.

　　dissolution

　　溶解

　　The dissolution of gases, liquids, or solids into a liquid or other solvent is a process by which these original states become solutes (dissolved

　　components), forming a solution of the gas, liquid, or solid in the original solvent.

　　thermodynamic

　　热力的 adj.

　　The branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy.

　　spontaneous

　　自发的 adj. (of a process or event) Occurring without apparent external cause.

　　barrier

　　障碍 Anything serving to obstruct passage or to maintain separation.

　　reaction quotient

　　(Qr)

　　反应商

　　In chemistry, a reaction quotient (Qr) is a function of the activities or concentrations of the chemical species involved in a chemical reaction. In

　　the special case that the reaction is at equilibrium the reaction quotient is constant and equal to the equilibrium constant which appears in the expression of the law of mass action.

　　physical state

　　物理状态

　　In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many other states are known to exist, such as glass or liquid crystal, and some only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates, neutron-degenerate matter, and quark-gluon plasma, which only occur, respectively, in situations of extreme cold, extreme density, and extremely high-energy. Some other states are believed to be possible but remain theoretical for now.

　　numerator

　　分子

　　The part of a fraction that is above the line and signifies the number to be divided by the denominator.

　　denominator

　　分母 The number below the line in a common fraction; a divisor.

　　concentration

　　浓度

　　The relative amount of a given substance contained within a solution or in a particular volume of space; the amount of solute per unit volume of solution.

　　solubility product

　　constant

　　溶度积常数

　　Solubility product constant is simplified equilibrium constant (Ksp) defined for equilibrium between a solids and its respective ions in a solution. Its value indicates the degree to which a compound dissociates in water.

　　condensation

　　缩合/冷凝

　　1. A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H2O as a byproduct.

　　2. It can also mean the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid.

　　molarity

　　摩尔体积浓度 The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

　　diprotic acid

　　二元酸

　　Any acid with two hydrogen atoms in its molecule that are capable of being released or ionized in water, such as sulphuric acid and carbonic acid.

　　triprotic acid

　　三元酸 An acid that has three ionizable hydrogen atoms in each molecule.

　　stepwise

　　dissociation

　　分步电离

　　A stepwise reaction is a chemical reaction with one or more reaction intermediates and involving at least two consecutive elementary reactions.

　　oxyacid

　　含氧酸

　　An oxyacid, or oxoacid, is an acid that contains oxygen. Specifically, it is a compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, with at least one hydrogen atom bond to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H+ cation and the anion of the acid.

　　spectator ion

　　不相关离子

　　A spectator ion is an ion that exists as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation.

　　amphiprotic

　　两性的 adj.

　　In chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid as well as a base. Many metals (such as copper, zinc, tin,lead, aluminium, and beryllium) form amphoteric oxides or hydroxides. Amphoterism depends on the oxidation states of the oxide. Al2O3 is an example of an amphoteric oxide.

　　equivalence point

　　当量点

　　The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of bases and acids have been mixed. In other words, the moles of acid are equivalent to the moles of base, according to the equation (this does not necessarily imply a 1:1 molar ratio of acid:base, merely that the ratio is the same as in the equation). It can be found by means of an indicator, for example phenolphthalein or methyl orange.

　　pH

　　酸碱度

　　A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline.

　　dissolution

　　融化，溶解

　　The dissolution of gases, liquids, or solids into a liquid or other solvent is a process by which these original states become solutes (dissolved

　　components), forming a solution of the gas, liquid, or solid in the original solvent.

　　Lewis electron-dot

　　diagrams

　　路易斯点式

　　Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams are used to visually depict bonding by representing valence electrons as dots surrounding an elemental symbol. These dots can be on any of the four sides of the symbol, each side representing a different orbital

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