AP美国历史词汇（一）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(一)

　　mound

　　土冢,土堆，土丘 Structure consisting of an artificial heap or bank usually of earth or stones.

　　nomadic

　　游牧的 adj. (of groups of people) Tending to travel and change settlements frequently.

　　the Treaty of

　　Tordesillas

　　托德西利亚斯条约

　　Signed at Tordesillas on 7 June 1494 and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal,divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).

　　encomienda

　　监护征税制

　　A dependency relation system, that started in Spain during the Roman Empire, where the stronger people protected the weakest in exchange for a service. It was later used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines.

　　the Spanish Armada

　　西班牙无敌舰队

　　A Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588,under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

　　the League of the

　　Iroquois

　　易洛魁联盟

　　Also known as the Haudenosaunee or Rotinonshionni are a historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy.

　　mestizo

　　(尤其是指拉丁美洲人和印第安人的)混血儿

　　A person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry).

　　salutary neglect

　　有益忽略

　　An American history term that refers to the unofficial, long-term seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

　　vice admiralty court

　　副海军法院

　　Vice admiralty courts were juryless courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters related to maritime activities, such as disputes between merchants and seamen.

　　mercantilism

　　重商主义

　　An economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth

　　by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.

　　charter

　　特许状

　　A document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights; includes the articles of incorporation and the certificate of incorporation

　　headright system

　　人头制

　　A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers. Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America; the Virginia Company of London gave headrights to settlers, and the Plymouth Company followed suit. The headright system was used in several colonies, including Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina.

　　indentured servant

　　契约佣工

　　An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee (indenturee) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract (indenture) to work for a particular employer for a fixed time.

　　triangular trade

　　(这里特指北非、北美和西欧之间的)三角贸易

　　Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Here is specific referred to the trade among South Africa, North America and West Europe.

　　plantation

　　种植园

　　A plantation is a large piece of land (or water ) usually in a tropical or semitropical area where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale and usually tended by resident laborers.

　　royal colony

　　直辖殖民地

　　Crown, or royal, colonies were ruled by a governor appointed by the monarch.

　　mound

　　土冢,土堆，土丘 Structure consisting of an artificial heap or bank usually of earth or stones.

　　nomadic

　　游牧的 adj. (of groups of people) Tending to travel and change settlements frequently.

　　the Treaty of

　　Tordesillas

　　托德西利亚斯条约

　　Signed at Tordesillas on 7 June 1494 and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).

　　encomienda

　　监护征税制

　　A dependency relation system, that started in Spain during the Roman Empire, where the stronger people protected the weakest in exchange for a service. It was later used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines.

　　the Spanish Armada

　　西班牙无敌舰队

　　A Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

　　the League of the

　　Iroquois

　　易洛魁联盟

　　Also known as the Haudenosaunee or Rotinonshionni are a historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy.

　　mestizo

　　(尤其是指拉丁美洲人和印第安人的)混血儿

　　A person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry).

　　salutary neglect

　　有益忽略

　　An American history term that refers to the unofficial, long-term seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

　　vice admiralty court

　　副海军法院

　　Vice admiralty courts were juryless courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters related to maritime activities, such as disputes between merchants and seamen.

　　mercantilism

　　重商主义

　　An economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.

　　charter

　　特许状

　　A document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights; includes the articles of incorporation and the certificate of incorporation

　　headright system

　　人头制

　　A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers. Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America; the Virginia Company of London gave headrights to settlers, and the Plymouth Company followed suit. The headright system was used in several colonies, including Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina.

　　indentured servant

　　契约佣工

　　An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee (indenturee) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract (indenture) to work for a particular employer for a fixed time.

　　triangular trade

　　(这里特指北非、北美和西欧之间的)三角贸易

　　Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Here is specific referred to the trade among South Africa, North America and West Europe.

　　plantation

　　种植园

　　A plantation is a large piece of land (or water ) usually in a tropical or semitropical area where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale and usually tended by resident laborers.

　　royal colony

　　直辖殖民地

　　Crown, or royal, colonies were ruled by a governor appointed by the monarch.

　　proprietary colony

　　专有殖民地

　　A proprietary colony was a type of British colony mostly in North America and the Caribbean in the 17th century.

　　self-governing

　　colony

　　自治殖民地

　　A self-governing colony is a colony with an elected government in which elected rulers are able to make most decisions without referring to the colonial power with nominal control of the colony. Most self-governing colonies have responsible government.

　　the House of

　　Burgesses

　　殖民地议会

　　It was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company, which created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America, and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants.

　　Georgian style

　　格鲁吉亚风格建筑

　　Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830.

　　stucco and dormer

　　灰泥和天窗式建筑

　　Stucco is a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime; applied while soft to cover exterior walls or surfaces, dormer is a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime; applied while soft to cover exterior walls or surfaces, this is the new building style in the early 1740s and 1750s.

　　Anglican Church

　　英国国教

　　The national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs); has its see in Canterbury and the sovereign as its temporal head.

　　Congregational

　　Church

　　公理会

　　Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Congregationalism is often considered to be a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

　　Lutheran

　　路德教

　　A major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483-1546) — a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.

　　Scotch-Irish

　　苏格兰血统的爱尔

　　兰人

　　People who lived in Norther Ireland, whose ancestors came from Scotland.

　　Huguenots

　　胡格诺派 A French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries.

　　The Albany Plan of

　　Union

　　奥尔巴尼联盟计划

　　The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 48) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York. The Plan represented one of multiple early attempts to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes."

　　The Proclamation of

　　1763

　　1763 年公告

　　It was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. It forbade all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as an Indian Reserve.

　　Stamp Act

　　印花税法

　　An act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents; opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766.

　　revenue stamp

　　印花税票

　　A stamp that is put on an object to show that a government tax has been paid.

　　Declaration Act

　　宣誓法案

　　The Declaration(1766) stated that the Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies.

　　Navigation Act

　　航海法案

　　A long series of English laws that developed, promoted and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies.

　　Deist

　　自然神论者

　　A person who believes that God created the universe but rejects the belief in a supernatural deity that interacts with mankind.

　　Suffolk Resolves

　　萨福克决议

　　A declaration rejected the Massachusetts Government Act and resolved on a boycott of imported goods from Britain unless the Intolerable Acts were repealed.

　　Minutemen

　　独立战争时期立即

　　应召的民兵

　　Minutemen were private colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies self-trained in weaponry, tactics and military strategies from the American colonial partisan militia during the American Revolutionary War.

　　Olive Branch

　　Petition

　　橄榄枝请愿书

　　The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, ostensibly in a final attempt to avoid a full-on war between the Thirteen Colonies, that the Congress represented, and Great Britain, however Congress had already authorized the invasion of Canada over a week previously.

　　Tory

　　保守党 An American who favored the British side during the American Revolution

　　Three-Fifths

　　Compromise

　　五分之三妥协

　　The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention.

　　tariff

　　关税 A government tax on imports or exports.

　　Federalist

　　联邦制拥护者

　　Member or supporter of the Federal Party in U.S. politics; Originally of supporters of the Philadelphia constitution, 1787.

　　cabinet

　　内阁

　　Persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers.

　　Judiciary Act of

　　1789

　　1789 年司法法案

　　The Judiciary Act of 1789 was a United States federal statute adopted on September 24, 1789, in the first session of the First United States Congress to establish the federal judiciary of the United States.

　　The Jay Treaty

　　杰伊条约

　　A 1795 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War), and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792.

　　Battle of Fallen

　　Timbers

　　伐木之战

　　The Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 20, 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy, including support from the British led by Captain Alexander McKillop, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory (an area north of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and southwest of the Great Lakes).

　　Treaty of Greenville

　　格林维尔条约

　　The Treaty of Greenville was signed on August 3, 1795, at Fort Greenville, now Greenville, Ohio; it followed negotiations after the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers a year earlier. It ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country and limited strategic parcels of land to the north and west.

　　the Whisky

　　Rebellion

　　威士忌叛乱

　　A tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War.

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