AP美国历史词汇（二）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(二)

　　Shays' Rebellion

　　谢斯起义

　　An armed uprising in Massachusetts (mostly in and around Springfield)during 1786 and 1787. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels (called Shaysites) in rising up against perceived economic injustices and suspension of civil rights the Founding

　　Fathers

　　开国元勋

　　A 20th-century appellation, coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916. Prior to, and during the 19th century, they were referred to as simply the "Fathers".The term has been used to describe the founders and first settlers of the original royal colonies.

　　yeoman famer

　　自耕农

　　A yeoman was a member of an English social class, generally a freeman who owned his own farm. The term was also used in North America.

　　The Louisiana

　　Purchase

　　路易斯安那购买案

　　The acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) by the United States from France in 1803.

　　impressment

　　强行征兵制

　　The taking of men into a military or naval force by compulsion, with or without notice.

　　the Embargo Act of

　　1807

　　1807 年禁运法案

　　A general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars in response to the violations of the United States neutrality, in which American merchantmen and their cargo were seized as contraband of war by the belligerent European navies.

　　the War Hawks

　　主战派，鹰派

　　A term used in politics for someone favoring war in a debate over whether to go to war, or whether to continue or escalate an existing war.

　　Treaty of Ghent

　　根特条约

　　Signed on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between The United States Of America and the United Kingdom.

　　Neutral Rights

　　中立权

　　The rights for a country to hold itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts.

　　Hartford Convention

　　哈特福德会议

　　A series of meetings from December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power.

　　Nullification Crisis

　　废止危机

　　The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis in 1832–33, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between

　　South Carolina and the federal government. The crisis ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.

　　Era of Good

　　Feelings

　　好感时代

　　The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.

　　implied power

　　默示权力

　　Implied powers, in the United States, are those powers authorized by a document (from the Constitution) that, while not stated, seem to be implied by powers expressly stated.

　　monopoly

　　垄断 (economics) A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

　　cotton gin

　　轧棉机 A machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers.

　　maritime industry

　　航运 An old saying for 'ship transport'.

　　Monroe Doctrine

　　门罗主义

　　An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

　　Lowell System

　　洛厄尔系统

　　A labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th century.

　　strikebreaker

　　工贼

　　A person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who are not employed by the company prior to the trade union dispute, but rather hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running.

　　cede

　　割让 Give over; surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another.

　　steel plow

　　钢犁

　　A tool or Farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil.

　　Great Lakes

　　北美五大湖 A group of 5 lakes in central North America.

　　tenant farmer

　　佃农 A farmer who works land owned by someone else.

　　homestead

　　田产

　　Land acquired from the United States public lands by filing a record and living on and cultivating it under the homestead law.

　　subvert

　　颠覆，推翻 To overturn (a government); Overthrow.

　　Protestant

　　新教

　　A form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.

　　nativist

　　本土主义者 Advocating the perpetuation of native societies.

　　Know-Nothing Party

　　一无所知党

　　The Native American Party, renamed in 1855 as the American Party, and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American political party that operated on a national basis during the mid-1850s.

　　cash crop

　　商品作物

　　A readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco).

　　peculiar institution

　　旧时美国南部的奴

　　隶制度

　　A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The meaning of "peculiar" in this expression is "one's own", that is, referring to something distinctive to or characteristic of a particular place or people.

　　Deep South

　　美国南方腹地(尤

　　其是指最具有南方

　　特点、保守的地区)

　　The southeastern region of the United States: South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama and Mississippi and Louisiana; prior to the American Civil War all these states produced cotton and permitted slavery.

　　emancipate

　　解放(特指摆脱政治、社会、法律的束缚)

　　Free from slavery or servitude.

　　mulatto

　　黑白混血儿 An offspring of a Black and a White parent.

　　hillbilly

　　(美)乡巴佬

　　A term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in Appalachia and the Ozarks, Uwharrie Mountains and Caraway Mountains.

　　aristocratic

　　贵族的

　　A form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best".

　　inferior

　　低级的，下级的 One of lesser rank or station or quality.

　　Episcopalian

　　圣公会教徒

　　An episcopal church has bishops in its organizational structure which is called Episcopal polity.

　　cajole

　　花言巧语的哄骗 Influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering.

　　encroachment

　　侵入，侵占 Advance beyond proper limits.

　　stagecoach

　　公共马车，驿站马

　　车

　　A type of covered wagon used to carry passengers and goods inside.

　　self-made man

　　白手起家的人

　　A person who was born poor or otherwise disadvantaged, but who achieved great economic or other success thanks to their own hard work and ingenuity rather than because of any inherited fortune, family connections, or other privileges.

　　King Caucus

　　君主会议

　　The name for informal meetings in which American congressmen would agree on who to nominate for the Presidency and Vice Presidency from their political party.

　　the Anti-Masons

　　反共济党

　　The first "third party" in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a single-issue party, and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform and positions on other issues.

　　tariff of

　　abominations

　　可憎关税

　　A protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States. Enacted during the presidency of John Quincy Adams, it was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy.

　　duel

　　决斗

　　A prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor.

　　veto

　　否决权，行使否决

　　权 n.v.

　　The power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act (especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature).

　　the Kitchen Cabinet

　　厨房内阁

　　A term used by political opponents of President of the United States Andrew Jackson to describe his ginger group, the collection of unofficial advisers he consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet (the "parlor cabinet") following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his break with Vice President John C. Calhoun in 1831.

　　repudiate

　　拒绝接受 Refuse to acknowledge, ratify, or recognize as valid.

　　Trail of Tears

　　血泪之路

　　A series of forced relocations of Native American nations in the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

　　nullification crisis

　　拒行联邦法危机

　　A sectional crisis in 1832–33, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. The crisis ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.

　　defunct

　　非现存的 No longer in force or use; inactive.

　　pet banks

　　宠物银行

　　A pejorative term for state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833.

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