AP美国历史词汇（三）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(三)

　　Specie Circular

　　铸币流通令

　　The Specie Circular is a United States presidential executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 pursuant to the Coinage Act and carried out by his successor, President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.

　　recharter

　　重新颁发执照

　　A signed statement from a government or ruler which allows a town, organization, or university to officially exist and have special rights for a second time, after it was announced valid.

　　laissez-faire

　　economics

　　自由放任经济

　　The doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs.

　　expansionist

　　扩张主义者

　　The person who favored of expansionism, which consists of policies of governments and states that involve territorial or economic expansion.

　　Calvinist

　　加尔文教徒

　　People who believed in Calvinism, which was a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

　　Presbyterian

　　长老会 A follower of Calvinism as taught in the Presbyterian Church.

　　Baptist

　　浸礼会

　　Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling).

　　Methodist

　　卫理公会

　　A group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley.

　　Seventh-Day

　　Adventists

　　基督复临安息日

　　会

　　A Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the seventh day of the week in Christian and Jewish calendars, as Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent Second Coming (advent) of Jesus Christ.

　　Mormon

　　摩门教

　　The ancient prophet whose writings were revealed to Joseph Smith who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

　　antebellum

　　(美国南北)战争前的 adj.

　　Belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War.

　　transcendentalist

　　先验论者的,超越论者的 adj.

　　People who followed transcendentalism, which was a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern region of the United States. The movement was a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality.

　　feminist

　　女权主义者 Of or relating to or advocating equal rights for women.

　　Shakers

　　震教徒 A celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States.

　　secular

　　现世的 adj. Concerning those not members of the clergy.

　　Oneida

　　奥奈达人(美国纽约州、威斯康星州的印第安人)

　　A member of the Iroquoian people formerly living east of Lake Ontario.

　　individualist

　　个人主义的 adj.

　　The moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government.

　　the Temperance

　　Movement

　　禁酒运动

　　The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements typically criticize excessive alcohol consumption, promote complete abstinence (teetotalism), or use its political influence to press the government to enact alcohol laws to regulate the availability of alcohol or even its complete prohibition.

　　exhortation

　　劝诫 The act of exhorting; an earnest attempt at persuasion.

　　humanitarian

　　人道主义的 adj.

　　Humanitarianism is a moral of kindness, benevolence, and sympathy extended to all human beings. Humanitarianism has been an evolving concept historically but universality is a common theme in its evolution. No distinction is to be made on the grounds of gender, sexual orientation, race, caste, age, religion, ability, or nationality.

　　pauper

　　穷人，靠救济生活

　　的人 A person who is very poor.

　　penitentiary

　　监狱，感化院

　　A correctional facility, detention center, gaol (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Republic of Ireland, UK), jail, penitentiary, prison, or remand center is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the State as a form of punishment.

　　asylum

　　庇护所 A shelter from danger or hardship.

　　impoverished

　　赤贫的 adj. Poor enough to need help from others.

　　cult of domesticity

　　主妇居家崇拜

　　Also known as the culture of domesticity (often shortened to "cult of domesticity”) or cult of true womanhood was a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States and Great Britain. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and

　　family.

　　relegate

　　贬谪 v. Assign to a lower position; reduce in rank.

　　Abolitionist

　　Movement

　　废奴运动

　　A historical movement to end the African and Indian slave trade and set slaves free.

　　manifest destiny

　　天定命运论 A policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God).

　　annex

　　附加，附带 n.v. Attach to.

　　lumberman

　　伐木工人 A person who fells trees.

　　Mesabi Range

　　梅萨比地区 A vast deposit of iron ore and the largest of four major iron ranges in the region collectively known as the Iron Range of Minnesota.

　　fifty-four forty or

　　fight

　　要么五十四度四十

　　分，要么战斗

　　A controversy over the political division of the Pacific Northwest of North America between several nations that had competing territorial and commercial aspirations over the region.

　　bellicose

　　好战的;好争吵的 Having or showing a ready disposition to fight.

　　Santa Fe

　　圣塔菲

　　The capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of Santa Fe County. This area was occupied for at least several hundred years by indigenous peoples who built villages. The city of Santa Fe, founded by Spanish colonists in 1610, is known as the oldest state capital city in the United States and the oldest city in New Mexico.

　　Treaty of Guadalupe

　　Hidalgo

　　瓜达卢佩-伊达尔戈

　　条约

　　Officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–48).

　　Wilmot Proviso

　　威尔莫特限制条款

　　The Wilmot Proviso proposed an American law to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War. The conflict over the proviso was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War.

　　foray 突袭;侵略;攻击 n.v.

　　A sudden short attack.

　　Ostend Manifesto

　　奥斯坦德宣言

　　A document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused.

　　proslavery

　　赞成奴隶制的 adj. An ideology that perceives slavery as a positive good.

　　penniless

　　一文不名的 adj. Not having enough money to pay for necessities.

　　sewing machine

　　缝纫机

　　A machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread.

　　Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies.

　　merchant

　　商人，零售商 A businessperson engaged in retail trade.

　　clipper ship

　　高速帆船;古时快

　　帆船

　　A fast sailing ship used in former times.

　　Compromise of

　　1820

　　密苏里妥协

　　A United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

　　Free Soil Party

　　自由土壤党

　　A short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. Founded in Buffalo, New York, it was a third party and a single-issue party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of anti-slavery former members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.

　　squatter

　　擅自占用房屋或土

　　地的人

　　The action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land–or a building, usually residential–that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use.

　　Fire-Eaters

　　南方激进派

　　The Fire-Eaters were a group of radical pro-slavery Southerners in the Antebellum South who urged the separation of Southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

　　sovereignty

　　国家的主权

　　Sovereignty is understood in jurisprudence as the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies.　　

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