AP美国历史词汇（四）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(四)

　　Fugitive Slave Law

　　逃奴法案

　　The fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory.

　　Stephen A. Douglas

　　史蒂芬·阿诺·道格

　　拉斯

　　An American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He was a U.S. representative, a U.S. senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.

　　Compromise of

　　1850

　　1850 年妥协案

　　A package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848).

　　Kansas-Nebraska

　　Act

　　堪萨斯-内布拉斯加

　　法案

　　The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 (10 Stat. 277) created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.

　　jurisdiction

　　司法管辖权

　　The practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility.

　　wage slaves

　　社畜，薪资奴隶，员工用于自嘲的‘公司的家畜’

　　Wage slavery refers to a situation where a person's livelihood depends on wages or a salary, especially when the dependence is total and immediate. It is a pejorative term used to draw an analogy between slavery and wage labor by focusing on similarities between owning and renting a person.

　　Winfield Scott

　　温菲尔德斯科特将军

　　A United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army," he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history, and many historians rate him the best American commander of his time.

　　Franklin Pierce

　　富兰克林皮尔斯总统

　　The 14th President of the United States (1853–1857). Genial and well-spoken, Pierce was a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation. His polarizing actions in championing and signing the Kansas–Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act failed to stem intersectional conflict, setting the stage for Southern secession, and leaving him widely regarded as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history.

　　slave power

　　奴隶权力

　　The terms "Slave Power" and "slaveocracy" were used by antislavery campaigners in the U.S. in the 1840s and 1850s, in reference to what they saw as the disproportionate political power held by slave owners in the national government.

　　override

　　推翻，不予理会 v.

　　The act of nullifying; making null and void; counteracting or overriding the effect or force of something.

　　demise

　　终止，死亡 The time when something ends.

　　alienate

　　使疏远, 使不友好,

　　离间 v.

　　Arouse hostility or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness.

　　Millard Fillmore

　　米勒德·菲尔莫尔

　　The 13th President of the United States (1850–53), the last Whig president, and the last president not to be affiliated with either the Democratic or Republican parties. Fillmore was the only Whig president who did not die in office or get expelled from the party.

　　Bleeding Kansas

　　堪萨斯流血事件

　　Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of the state of Missouri between 1854 and 1861.

　　the Dred Scott case

　　德雷德斯科特案

　　A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

　　Lincoln-Douglas

　　Debates

　　林肯道格拉斯辩论

　　The Lincoln–Douglas Debates of 1858 (also known as The Great Debates of 1858) were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for the Senate in Illinois, and Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. At the time, U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were trying for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery.

　　reelection

　　重新当选 Election again.

　　massacre

　　大屠杀 The savage and excessive killing of many people.

　　moderates

　　温和派

　　In politics and religion, a moderate is an individual who is not extreme, partisan, nor radical.

　　Constitutional Union

　　party

　　立宪联邦党

　　A former political party in the United States; formed in 1859 by former Whigs who hoped to preserve the Union.

　　popular vote

　　普选 Votes by the public directly.

　　lame-duck

　　即将去职的人

　　A lame duck is free to make decisions that exercise their standard powers with little fear of consequence, such as issuing executive orders or other controversial edicts. Lame duck politicians result from term limits, planned retirement, or electoral losses.

　　secede

　　退出，脱离 v. Withdraw from an organization or communion.

　　battery

　　炮兵连 Group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place.

　　insurrection

　　叛乱, 造反

　　Organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another.

　　habeas corpus

　　人身保护令

　　A recourse in law whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official.

　　confederacy

　　(尤指国家之间的)

　　联盟,同盟

　　A union of political organizations, specifically the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861.

　　guerrilla

　　游击战;游击队

　　A member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment.

　　Fort Sumter

　　萨姆特堡

　　A sea fort in Charleston, South Carolina, notable for two battles of the American Civil War. It was one of a number of many special forts planned after the War of 1812, combining high walls and heavy masonry, and classified as Third System, as a grade of structural integrity. Work started in 1829, but was incomplete by 1860, when South Carolina seceded from the Union.

　　executive power

　　行政权 The power granted to the executive branch of a democratic government.

　　border states

　　边界州，交界南部诸州(美国南北战争前的诸合法蓄奴州)

　　The border states is a term for the newly independent states bordering the New South Union during the civil war.

　　Jefferson Davis

　　杰斐逊戴维斯

　　An American soldier and politician who was the President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861–1865).

　　He took personal charge of the Confederate war plans but was unable to find a strategy to defeat the more populous and industrialized Union.

　　Anaconda Plan

　　蟒蛇计划

　　The Anaconda Plan or Scott's Great Snake is the name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two.

　　George McClellan

　　乔治麦克莱伦将军

　　A major general during the American Civil War and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1864, who later served as Governor of New Jersey. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army.

　　Robert E. Lee

　　罗伯特李将军

　　An American soldier best known for commanding the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865.

　　Ulysses S. Grant

　　尤利西斯格兰特将

　　军

　　The 18th President of the United States (1869–1877). In 1865, as commanding general, Grant led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

　　ram

　　撞击装置;有撞角

　　的军舰

　　A tool for driving or forcing something by impact.

　　Emancipation

　　Proclamation

　　解放黑奴宣言

　　A presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion. Because it was issued under the President's war powers, it necessarily excluded areas not in rebellion - it applied to more than 3 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. at the time.

　　Morrill Tariff Act

　　莫里尔关税法

　　The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was an increased tariff in the United States, adopted on March 2, 1861, during the administration of President James Buchanan, a Democrat. It was a key element of the platform of the new Republican Party, and it appealed to industrialists and factory workers as a way to foster rapid industrial growth by limiting competition from lower-wage industries in Europe.

　　Pacific Railway Act

　　太平洋铁路法

　　The "Pacific Railroad Acts" were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

　　Presidential

　　Reconstruction

　　总统重建时期

　　In the context of the history of the United States, has two senses: the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the Civil War; the second sense focuses on the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the reconstruction of state and society.

　　Amnesty

　　大赦 A warrant granting release from punishment for an offense.

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