AP美国历史词汇（五）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(五)

　　Wade-Davis Bill

　　韦德法案

　　The Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 was a bill proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland.

　　Andrew Johnson

　　安德鲁约翰逊总统

　　The 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was Vice President at the time of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded.

　　Freedmen’s Bureau

　　自由民局

　　A U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) during the Reconstruction era of the United States.

　　Black Codes

　　黑人法令

　　In the United States, the Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

　　Congressional

　　Reconstruction

　　国会重建

　　In the history of the United States, the term Reconstruction Era has two senses: the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the Civil War; the second sense focuses on the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the reconstruction of state and society, which was known as the Congressional Reconstruction.

　　Radical Republicans

　　共和党激进派

　　A faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They called themselves "Radicals" and were opposed during the war by the Moderate Republicans (led by Abraham Lincoln), by the Conservative Republicans, and by the pro-slavery Democratic Party.

　　Charles Sumner

　　查尔斯萨姆纳

　　An American politician and senator from Massachusetts. As an academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War working to destroy the Confederacy, free all the slaves and keep on good terms with Europe.

　　Civil Rights Act of

　　1866

　　1866 年美国人权法

　　案

　　The Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14 Stat. 27-30, enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War.

　　due process of law

　　正当法律程序

　　The legal requirement that the state must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.

　　impeachment

　　弹劾

　　A formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which, depending on the country, may include the removal of that official from office as well as criminal or civil punishment.

　　Civil Rights Act of

　　1875

　　1875 年人权法案

　　The Civil Rights Act of 1875, sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era that guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service. The Supreme Court decided the act was unconstitutional in 1883.

　　scalawags

　　(内战之后拥护重

　　建的)南方白人

　　In United States history, scalawags were Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, after the American Civil War.

　　carpetbaggers

　　美国南北战争后利

　　用南方不稳定的局

　　势投机谋利的人

　　In United States history, a carpetbagger was a Northerner (Yankee) who moved to the South after the U.S. Civil War, especially during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877), in order to profit from the instability and power vacuum that existed at this time.

　　sharecropping

　　收益分成;做佃农

　　A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land.

　　spoilsman

　　以获益为目的而支

　　持政党者

　　A person who shares in the spoils of office or advocates the spoils system.

　　patronage

　　任免

　　A system by which someone in a powerful position gives people help or important jobs in return for their support.

　　Blanche K. Bruce

　　布兰切布鲁斯

　　A U.S. politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race, he was the first elected black senator to serve a full term.

　　Liberal Republicans

　　自由共和党人

　　The Liberal Republican Party of the United States was a political party that was organized in Cincinnati in May 1872, to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant and his Radical Republican supporters in the presidential election of 1872.

　　Horace Greeley

　　霍勒斯·格里利

　　Editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time. Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York, and was the candidate of the Democratic and Liberal Republican parties in the 1872 presidential election.

　　greenback

　　美钞 A piece of paper money (especially one issued by a central bank).

　　the Redeemer

　　救赎者，救世主 In the Christian religion, the Redeemer is Jesus Christ.

　　Ku Klux Klan

　　美国 3K 党，奉行白

　　人至上主义

　　A secret organization of white Protestant men in the United States which promotes violence against black people, Jews, and other minorities.

　　Force Acts

　　强制法

　　These were three bills passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871. They were criminal codes which protected African-Americans’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. The laws also allowed the federal government to intervene when states did not act.

　　Amnesty Act of

　　1872

　　赦免法

　　The Amnesty Act of May 22, 1872 was a United States federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy.

　　Compromise of

　　1877

　　1877 年妥协案

　　The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era.

　　abject poverty

　　赤贫

　　Extreme poverty, or absolute poverty, was originally defined by the United Nations in 1995 as “a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services.”

　　inequality

　　不平等，不公平

　　An unfair situation, in which some groups in society have more money, opportunities, power, etc. than others.

　　The Gilded Age

　　镀金时代

　　The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term was coined by writer Mark Twain in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873), which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding.

　　political machine

　　政治机器

　　A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

　　spoils system

　　分肥制

　　In the politics of the United States, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity.

　　Tammany Hall

　　坦慕尼协会

　　The central organization of the Democratic Party in New York county. Originally founded as a benevolent society (Tammany Society) in 1789, Tammany Hall was notorious for the corruption in city and state politics that it fostered in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

　　civil service reform

　　公务员体制改革

　　Civil service reform refers to movements for the improvement of the civil service in methods of appointment, rules of conduct, etc.

　　inflationary

　　通货膨胀 Relating to or causing price increases.

　　hard-money

　　硬通货

　　Hard money policies (as opposed to fiat currency policies) support a specie standard, usually gold or silver, typically implemented with representative money.

　　Pacific Railroad

　　太平洋铁路

　　It was a predecessor of both the Missouri Pacific Railroad and St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. The Pacific was chartered by Missouri in 1849 to extend "from St. Louis to the western boundary of Missouri and thence to the Pacific Ocean." Due to a cholera epidemic in 1849, which was a citywide disaster, and other delays, groundbreaking did not occur until July 4,1851.The railroad purchased its first steam locomotive from a manufacturer in Taunton, Massachusetts; it arrived at St. Louis by river in August 1852.

　　On December 9, 1852, the Pacific Railroad had its inaugural run, traveling from its depot on Fourteenth Street, along the Mill Creek Valley, to Cheltenham in about ten minutes.

　　army veterans

　　退伍军人 Someone who has been a soldier, sailor, etc. in a war.

　　George

　　Westinghouse

　　乔治威斯汀豪斯

　　An American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry, gaining his first patent at the age of 22.

　　air brake

　　空气制动器

　　Air brakes are brakes that are used on heavy vehicles such as buses and trains and that are operated by means of compressed air.

　　petroleum

　　石油

　　Oil that is obtained from below the surface of the Earth and is used to make petrol, paraffin, and various chemical substances.

　　kerosene

　　煤油 A clear oil that is burnt to provide heat or light.

　　John D. Rockefeller

　　约翰洛克菲勒

　　An American business magnate and philanthropist. He was a co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust.

　　Andrew Carnegie

　　安德鲁卡耐基

　　A Scottish American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He was also one of the highest profile philanthropists of his era and had given away almost 90 percent – amounting to, in 1919, $350 million (in 2015, $4.76 billion) – of his fortune to charities and foundations by the time of his death.

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