AP美国历史词汇（六）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(六)

　　Social Darwinism

　　社会达尔文主义

　　A modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in the United Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, and which are claimed to have applied biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics. Social Darwinists generally argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease.

　　Comstock Lode

　　康斯塔克矿 an extensive gold and silver vein in West Nevada, near Virginia City

　　Chinese Exclusion

　　Act

　　排华法案

　　The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

　　cowboy

　　牛仔 In the US, a man who rides a horse and whose job is to care for cattle.

　　barbed wire

　　铁丝网 Wire with short sharp points on it.

　　frontier thesis

　　边界假设

　　The argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process. He also stressed results, especially that American democracy was the primary result, along with egalitarianism, a lack of interest in high culture, and violence.

　　Sitting Bull

　　斯汀布尔酋长

　　A Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies.

　　assimilationists

　　主张社会同化的人

　　Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group. The term is used to refer to both individuals and groups, and in the latter case it can refer to either immigrant diasporas or native residents that come to be culturally dominated by another society.

　　Dawes Severalty

　　Act

　　道斯土地占有法

　　Adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship.

　　Civil Rights Cases

　　权诉案

　　The Civil Rights Cases (1883), were a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review. The Court held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the enforcement provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments.

　　Plessy v. Ferguson

　　普莱西诉弗格森案

　　A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

　　Jim Crow laws

　　吉姆·克劳法

　　The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation state and local laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States that continued in force until 1965 mandating de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern U.S. states (of the former Confederacy), starting in 1890 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.

　　grandfather clause

　　祖父条款

　　A clause in the constitutions of several Southern states that waived electoral literacy requirements for lineal descendants of people voting before 1867, thus ensuring the franchise for illiterate White people: declared unconstitutional in 1915.

　　poll tax

　　人头税

　　A tax of a particular amount that is collected from every citizen of a country.

　　National Grange

　　国家农人协进会

　　The Grange, officially referred to as The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a fraternal organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture.

　　Granger Laws

　　格兰杰法案

　　The Granger Laws were a series of laws passed in several Midwestern states of the United States, namely Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Granger Laws were promoted primarily by a group of farmers known as the Grange. The main goal of the Grange was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the American Civil War.

　　Munn v. Illinois

　　穆恩诉伊利诺伊案

　　Munn v. Illinois (1877), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn case opened the door for states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and was an important case in the struggle for public regulation of private enterprise in post-Civil War America.

　　Interstate Commerce

　　Act

　　州际商业法

　　The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul or long haul fare discrimination, a form of price discrimination against smaller markets, particularly farmers.

　　Columbian

　　Exposition

　　1893 年哥伦比亚博

　　览会

　　The World's Columbian Exposition (the official shortened name for the World's Fair: Columbian Exposition, also known as The Chicago World's Fair) was a World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.

　　contract labor law

　　劳动合同法

　　An act to prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia.

　　American Protective

　　Association

　　美国保护协会

　　The American Protective Association (APA) was an American anti-Catholic secret society established in 1887 by American Protestants. It was strongest in the Midwest, and came under heavy attack from Democrats until its collapse in the mid-1890s.

　　urbanization

　　都市化 The social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban.

　　streetcar

　　有轨电车

　　A streetcar (also known as tramcar, tram, trolley or trolley car) is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way.

　　skyscraper

　　摩天大楼

　　A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building of many floors, usually designed for office, commercial and residential use.

　　ghetto

　　(通常条件很差的)少数民族聚居区，通常被认为有贬义

　　A part of a city where people of a particular race or class, especially people who are poor, live separately from the rest of the people in the city. This word is sometimes considered offensive.

　　tenement

　　〔尤指城市贫民区的〕公寓大楼

　　A large building divided into apartments, especially in the poorer areas of a city.

　　party boss

　　党魁 A leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments.

　　settlement house

　　社区服务所 A center in an underprivileged area that provides community services.

　　Jane Addams

　　简·亚当斯(美国女作家)

　　A pioneer American settlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace.

　　Social Gospel

　　movement

　　社会福音运动

　　The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

　　Salvation Army

　　(基督教)救世军

　　A charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless.

　　American Woman

　　Suffrage Association

　　参政权协会

　　The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was formed in November 1869 in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

　　Gilded Age

　　镀金时代

　　The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term was coined by writer Mark Twain in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873), which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding.

　　Solid South

　　南方基地

　　The Solid South or Southern Bloc was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern United States for issues that were regarded as particularly important to the interests of white Democrats in the southern states.

　　stalwarts

　　(某个组织的)坚实拥护者

　　Someone who is very loyal to a particular organization or set of ideas, and works hard for them.

　　halfbreeds

　　混血儿

　　Anyone who is of mixed race, though it usually refers to people that are half Native American and half European or white.

　　Mugwumps

　　(美)(政治上的)超然派;骑墙派;中立者;共和党独立派(1884 年美国大选中拒绝支持本党候选人者

　　A group of Republican activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884.

　　Pendleton Act

　　彭德尔顿法案

　　A federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit. The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property.

　　Greenback Party

　　绿币党(美国南北战争后成立的政党，主张联邦政府发行的不兑换纸币为惟一货币)

　　A former political party in the United States; organized in 1874; opposed any reduction in the amount of paper money in circulation.

　　Crime of 1873

　　1873 年犯罪

　　The Coinage Act of 1873 or Mint Act of 1873, 17 Stat. 424, was a general revision of the laws relating to the Mint of the United States. In abolishing the right of holders of silver bullion to have their metal struck into legal tender dollar coins, it ended bimetallism in the United States, placing the nation firmly on the gold standard. Because of this, the act became contentious in later years, and was denounced by people who wanted inflation as the "Crime of '73".

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