AP美国历史词汇（九）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(九)

　　Sussex Pledge

　　苏赛克斯承诺

　　The Sussex Pledge was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States to alter Germany’s naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships.

　　Allied powers

　　同盟国

　　In everyday English usage, allies are people, groups, or states that have joined in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out between them. When the term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, such associations may also be called allied powers, especially when discussing World War I or World War II.

　　Central Powers

　　一战中德国和其同盟国

　　In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

　　Zimmermann Telegram

　　齐默曼电报

　　The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note) was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany.

　　George Creel

　　乔治克利尔

　　George Creel (December 1, 1876 – October 2, 1953) was an investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I.

　　Espionage Act

　　反间谍法

　　The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code (War) but is now found under Title 18, Crime. Specifically, it was intended to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment, to prevent insubordination in the military, and to prevent the support of U.S. enemies during wartime. In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled through Schenck v. United States that the act did not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under its provisions.

　　Sedition Act

　　惩治叛乱法

　　The Sedition Act of 1918 was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.

　　Bolsheviks

　　布尔什维克

　　The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki literally meaning "one of the majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

　　American Expeditionary

　　一战中的美国远征军

　　The troops sent to Europe by the US during World War I.

　　Fourteen Points

　　十四点计划

　　The principles expounded by President Wilson in 1918 as war aims of the US.

　　Treaty of Versailles

　　凡尔赛和约

　　The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.

　　Big Four

　　巴黎和会四巨头

　　The Big Four refers to the top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 following the end of World War I (1914–18). The Big Four are also known as the Council of Four. It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France.

　　League of Nations

　　国际联盟

　　An international association of states founded in 1920 with the aim of preserving world peace: dissolved in 1946.

　　Henry Cabot Lodge

　　亨利·卡伯特·洛奇

　　An American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts. A PhD in history from Harvard, he was a long-time friend and confidant of Theodore Roosevelt. Lodge had the role (but not the official title) of the first Senate Majority Leader. He is best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles.

　　Red Scare

　　红色恐怖

　　A Red Scare is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism, used by anti-leftist proponents. In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism.

　　Bureau of the Budget

　　预算局

　　The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP). The director of the OMB is a member of the Executive Office of the President. The main function of the OMB is to assist the president in preparing the budget.

　　Teapot Dome

　　茶壶山丑闻案

　　A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration.

　　assembly line

　　流水线作业

　　A system for making things in a factory in which the products move past a line of workers who each make or check one part.

　　welfare capitalism

　　福利资本主义

　　Welfare capitalism is capitalism that includes comprehensive social welfare policies. Welfare capitalism is also the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees. Welfare capitalism in this second sense, or industrial paternalism, was centered on industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the mid-20th century.

　　fundamentalism

　　原教旨主义

　　The belief in the supposedly original form of a religion or theory, without accepting any later ideas.

　　functionalism

　　(建筑)实用主义

　　Functionalism is the idea that the most important aspect of something, especially the design of a building or piece of furniture, is how it is going to be used or its usefulness.

　　Harlem Renaissance

　　哈勒姆文艺复兴

　　The Harlem Renaissance was a movement that spanned the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. The Movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration (African American), of which Harlem was the largest. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, in addition, many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance.

　　Scopes trial

　　猴子审判

　　A highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed.

　　Volstead Act

　　禁酒法案

　　The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States. The Anti-Saloon League's Wayne Wheeler conceived and drafted the bill, which was named for Andrew Volstead, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, who managed the legislation.

　　organized crime

　　有组织犯罪

　　Organized crime refers to criminal activities which involve large numbers of people and are organized and controlled by a small group.

　　disarmament

　　裁军

　　Disarmament is the act of reducing the number of weapons, especially nuclear weapons, that a country has.

　　Washington Conference

　　华盛顿(海军)会议

　　The Washington Naval Conference, also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922.

　　Kellogg-Briand Treaty

　　凯洛格 - 布里安德条约

　　The Kellogg–Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied of the benefits furnished by this treaty".

　　Dawes Plan

　　道斯计划

　　The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.

　　Great Depression

　　大萧条

　　The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. Worldwide GDP fell by 15% from 1929 to 1932.

　　Black Tuesday

　　黑色星期二

　　The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began in late October 1929 and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.

　　income distribution

　　收入分配

　　In economics, income distribution is how a nation’s total GDP is distributed amongst its population. Income and its distribution have always been a central concern of economic theory and economic policy.

　　buying on margin

　　边界交易

　　In finance, a margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit to cover some or all of the credit risk of their counterparty (most often their broker or an exchange). The collateral can be in the form of cash or securities, and it is deposited in a margin account.

　　Gross National

　　Product

　　国民生产总值

　　A country's gross national product is the total value of all the goods it has produced and the services it has provided in a particular year, including its income from investments in other countries.

　　Herbert Hoover

　　赫伯特胡佛总统

　　31st President of the United States; in 1929 the stock market crashed and the economy collapsed and Hoover was defeated for reelection by Franklin Roosevelt (1874-1964).

　　Hawley-Smoot Tariff

　　斯穆特-霍利关税法案

　　The Tariff Act of 1930 otherwise known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff or Hawley–Smoot Tariff, was an act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels.

　　debt moratorium

　　债务延期 A debt moratorium is a delay in the payment of debts or obligations. The term is generally used to refer to acts by national governments.

　　Reconstruction Finance Corporation

　　重建金融公司

　　The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was a government corporation in the United States that operated between 1932 and 1957 which provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. Its aim was to boost the country’s confidence and help banks return to performing daily functions after the start of the Great Depression. It continued to operate through the New Deal where it became more prominent and through World War II. It was disbanded in 1957 when the US government felt it no longer needed to stimulate lending.

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