AP美国历史词汇（十）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(十)

　　bonus march

　　酬恤金进军事件

　　The Bonus Army was the popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Its organizers called it the Bonus Expeditionary Force to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media called it the Bonus March.

　　brain trust

　　智囊团

　　A brain trust is a group of experts who advise important people in a government or organization.

　　bank holiday

　　银行假期 Any of several weekdays when banks are closed.

　　fireside chats

　　炉边谈话

　　The fireside chats were a series of thirty evening radio addresses given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944. Although the World War I Committee on Public Information had seen presidential policy propagated to the public en masse, "fireside chats" were the first media development that facilitated intimate and direct communication between the president and the citizens of the United States.

　　Roosevelt's cheery voice and demeanor played him into the favor of citizens and he soon became one of the most popular presidents ever, often affectionately compared to Abraham Lincoln.

　　Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

　　美国联邦存款保险公司

　　The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation operating as an independent agency created by the Banking Act of 1933.

　　Public Works Administration

　　公共工程管理局

　　Public Works Administration (PWA), part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools.

　　Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, and help revive the economy.

　　Civilian Conservation Corps

　　美国民间资源保护队

　　The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 18–25. Robert Fechner was the head of the agency.

　　Tennessee Valley Authority

　　田纳西河谷管理局

　　The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.

　　National Recovery Administration

　　国家复苏局

　　The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

　　Federal Housing Administration

　　联邦住宅管理局

　　The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans, and to stabilize the mortgage market.

　　Second New Deal

　　第二次新政

　　The Second New Deal is the term used by commentators at the time and historians ever since to characterize the second stage of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his address to Congress in January 1935, Roosevelt called for five major goals: improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, and slum clearance, as well as a national welfare program (the WPA) to replace state relief efforts.

　　Works Progress Administration

　　公共事业振兴署

　　The Works Progress Administration (renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration; WPA) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. In a much smaller but more famous project, the Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, bridge or school constructed by the agency.

　　Social Security Act

　　社会保险法

　　The Social Security Act was a social welfare legislative act which created the Social Security system in the United States.

　　Congress of Industrial Organizations

　　(美国)产业工会联合会

　　The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), proposed by John L. Lewis in 1928, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

　　sit-down strike

　　静坐罢工

　　A sit-down strike is a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at factories or other centralized locations, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with strikebreakers or, in some cases, moving production to other locations.

　　Fair Labor Standards Act

　　公平劳动标准法案

　　The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (abbreviated as FLSA; also referred to as the Wages and Hours Bill) is a federal statute of the United States. The FLSA introduced the forty-hour work week, established a national minimum wage, guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor", a term that is defined in the statute. It applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage.

　　Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard)Act

　　印第安人重新组织法

　　The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, sometimes known as the Indian New Deal, was U.S. federal legislation that secured certain rights to Native Americans (known in law as American Indians or Indians), including Alaska Natives. These include actions that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of communal holdings of American Indian tribes and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Indians the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations.

　　Stimson Doctrine

　　不承认主义

　　The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. The doctrine was an application of the principle of ex injuria jus non oritur. While some analysts have applied the doctrine in opposition to governments established by revolution, this usage is not widespread, and its invocation usually involves treaty violations.

　　good-neighbor policy

　　睦邻政策(美国总统富兰克林罗斯福1933 年 3 月在就职演说中提出的对拉美国家的政策)

　　Refers to President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Latin American policy, which marked a departure from traditional American interventionism. The United States renounced its right to unilaterally intervene in the internal affairs of other nations at the Montevideo Conference in 1933.

　　Pan-American conferences

　　美洲国家组织

　　The Organization of American States or the OAS or OEA, is an inter-continental organization founded on 30 April 1948, for the purposes of regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states.

　　London Economic Conference

　　伦敦经济会议

　　The London Economic Conference was a meeting of representatives of 66 nations from June 12 to July 27, 1933, at the Geological Museum in London. Its purpose was to win agreement on measures to fight global depression, revive international trade, and stabilize currency exchange rates.

　　Tydings-McDuffie Act

　　泰丁斯-马克杜菲法案

　　The Tydings–McDuffie Act was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence from the United States after a period of ten years. It also established strictlimitations on Filipino immigration.

　　fascism

　　法西斯主义

　　Fascism is a set of right-wing political beliefs that includes strong control of society and the economy by the state, a powerful role for the armed forces, and the stopping of political opposition.

　　Axis Powers

　　轴心国

　　Also known as the Axis, were the nations that fought in the Second World War against the Allied forces. The Axis powers were united by their opposition to several Western powers and the Soviet Union. In ideological terms they described their goals as breaking the hegemony of plutocratic-capitalist Western powers and defending civilization from communism.

　　isolationism

　　孤立主义

　　Beliefs or actions that are based on the political principle that your country should not be involved in the affairs of other countries.

　　Nye Committee

　　耐伊委员会

　　The Nye Committee, officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a United States Senate committee chaired by U.S. Senator Gerald Nye. The committee investigated the financial and banking interests which underlay United States' involvement in World War I, and was a significant factor in public and political support for American neutrality in the early stages of World War II.

　　neutrality acts

　　中立法案

　　The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.

　　Quarantine Speech

　　隔离演说

　　The Quarantine Speech was given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 5, 1937 in Chicago, calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time.

　　Selective Training and Service Act

　　选择性培训和服务法

　　The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, also known as the Burke-Wadsworth Act, Pub.L. 76–783, 54 Stat. 885, enacted September 16, 1940, was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. This Selective Service Act required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register with local draft boards. Later, when the U.S. entered World War II, all men aged 18 to 45 were made subject to military service, and all men aged 18 to 65 were required to register.

　　Lend-Lease Act

　　租赁法案

　　The Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States, was a program under which the United States supplied Free France, Great Britain, the Republic of China, and later the USSR and other Allied nations with food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. It was signed into law on March 11, 1941 and ended in September 1945.

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