AP美国历史词汇（十一）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(十一)

　　Atlantic Charter 大西洋宪章

　　The joint declaration issued by F. D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill on Aug 14, 1941, consisting of eight principles to guide a postwar settlement.

　　D day 大规模进攻开始日(尤指二战诺曼底登陆日)

　　The Normandy landings (codenamed Operation Neptune) were the landing operations on 6 June 1944 (termed D-Day) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest

　　seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the invasion of German-occupied western Europe, led to the liberation of France from Nazi control, and contributed to an Allied victory in the war.

　　Battle of the Bulge 突出部战役

　　The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe.

　　Battle of Midway 中途岛海战

　　The Battle of Midway in the Pacific Theater of Operations was one of the most important naval battles of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy (USN), under Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A.

　　Manhattan Project 曼哈顿计划(第二次世界大战期间美国陆军自 1942 年起开发核武器计划的代号)

　　(during World War II) The code name for the secret US project set up in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb.

　　Servicemen’s Readjustment Act 军人再调整法

　　The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, known informally as the G.I. Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). Benefits included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, cash payments of tuition and living expenses to attend university, high school or vocational education, as well as one year of unemployment compensation.

　　baby boom〔尤指 1946 年至1964 年间的〕生育高峰(期)

　　An increase in the number of babies born during a particular period,compared to other times – used especially about people born between 1946 and 1964.

　　Sunbelt 阳光地带; 尤指美国南部地区

　　The warmer, sunnier parts of a country or continent, especially the southern United States, are sometimes referred to as the sunbelt.

　　Employment Act of 1946

　　雇佣法令

　　The Employment Act of 1946 is a United States federal law. Its main purpose was to lay the responsibility of economic stability of inflation and unemployment onto the federal government.

　　Taft-Hartley Act 塔夫脱—哈特莱法案(美国的劳资关系法案)

　　The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, better known as the Taft–Hartley Act is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions.

　　Progressive party (美国)进步党

　　A US political party, made up chiefly of dissident Republicans, that nominated Theodore Roosevelt as its presidential candidate in 1912 and supported primaries, progressive labor legislation, and other reforms

　　Fair Deal (杜鲁门时期的)公平政策

　　The Fair Deal was an ambitious set of proposals put forward by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address. More generally the term characterizes the entire domestic agenda of the Truman Administration, from 1945 to 1953. It offered new proposals to continue New Deal liberalism, but with the Conservative Coalition dominant in Congress, only a few of its major initiatives became law and then only if they had considerable GOP support.

　　Iron Curtain 铁幕; 指将苏联和东欧共产党国家与西欧分开的边界

　　People referred to the border that separated the Soviet Union and the communist countries of Eastern Europe from the Western European countries as the Iron Curtain.

　　containment policy 遏制政策

　　Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist

　　influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam.

　　Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义

　　The Truman Doctrine of containment was a United States policy to stop Soviet expansion during the Cold War. United States President Harry S. Truman pledged to contain communism in Europe and elsewhere and impelled the US to support any nation with both military and economic aid if its stability was threatened by communism or the Soviet Union.

　　Marshall Plan 马歇尔计划; 美国对二战后欧洲复兴的经济援助计划

　　A program of US economic aid for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe (1948–52).

　　Berlin airlift 柏林空运

　　Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin.

　　North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织(北约)

　　Also called the North Atlantic Alliance, NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

　　38th parallel 北纬 38 度线

　　The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The 38th parallel north formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War.

　　Smith Act 史密斯法

　　The Alien Registration Act of 1940 (Smith Act), is a United States federal statute enacted June 29, 1940, that set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government and required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government.

　　McCarran Internal Security Act 麦卡伦内部安全法案

　　The Internal Security Act of 1950, also known as the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 or the McCarran Act, after its principal sponsor Sen. Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), is a United States federal law. It was enacted over President Harry Truman's veto.

　　Rosenberg case 罗森博格案

　　Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 25, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

　　Soil Bank program 土壤银行计划

　　The Soil Bank Program is a federal program of the late 1950s and early 1960s that paid farmers to retire land from production for 10 years. The predecessor to today’s Conservation Reserve Program.

　　Highway Act 公路法

　　Highway Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used in the United Kingdom and the United States for legislation relating to high ways.

　　massive retaliation 大规模报复

　　Massive retaliation, also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

　　Third World 第三世界国家

　　The countries of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America are sometimes referred to all together as the Third World, especially those parts that are poor, do not have much power, and are not considered to be highly developed.

　　Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

　　东南亚条约组织

　　The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines. The formal institution of SEATO was established on 19 February 1955 at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok, Thailand. The organization's headquarters were also in Bangkok. Eight members joined the organization.

　　Suez Canal crisis 苏伊士运河危机

　　The Suez Crisis, also named Tripartite Aggression, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by Britain and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian president Nasser from power. After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw.

　　Eisenhower Doctrine

　　艾森豪威尔主义

　　The term Eisenhower Doctrine refers to a speech by President Dwight David Eisenhower on 5 January 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East". Under this doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic or military assistance if threatened by armed aggression.

　　Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

　　石油输出国组织

　　Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, a permanent, international organization headquartered in Vienna, Austria, was established in Baghdad, Iraq on 10–14 September 1960. Its mandate is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies" of its members and to "ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry."

　　peaceful coexistence 和平共处政策

　　Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War in the context of its ostensibly Marxist–Leninist foreign policy and was adopted by Soviet-influenced "Socialist states" that they could peacefully coexist with the capitalist bloc

　　Warsaw Pact 华沙公约组织(华约)

　　A military treaty and association of E European countries, formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,Poland, and Romania: East Germany left in 1990; the remaining members dissolved the Pact in 1991.

　　military-industrial complex

　　(美国)军工生产复合体

　　(in the US) The combined interests of the military establishment and industries involved in producing military material considered as exerting influence on US foreign and economic policy.

　　Brown v. Board of Education

　　布朗诉教育局案

　　A landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education.

　　Montgomery bus boycott 蒙哥马利公交抵制运动

　　The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a seminal event in the U.S. civil rights movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955—when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white

　　person—to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional.

　　Southern Christian Leadership Conference 南方基督教领袖会议

　　The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.

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