AP美国历史词汇（十三）

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　　AP美国历史词汇(十三)

　　Watergate 水门事件

　　Watergate is used to refer to the events that surrounded the break-in at the Watergate building in Washington, D.C., during the U.S. presidential election campaign of 1972, and the impeachment and resignation of President Richard Nixon as a result of his role in the incident.

　　War Powers Act 战争权力法

　　The War Powers Resolution of 1973 is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress. The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution; this provides that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization," or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces."

　　Panama Canal Treaty 巴拿马运河条约

　　The Torrijos–Carter Treaties are two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, which abrogated the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903. The treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had exercised since 1903.

　　Camp David Accords

　　戴维营协议(埃及总统萨达特和以色列总理贝京于1979年在戴维营签订的和平条约)

　　The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978,following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David. The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel) led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty.

　　Anwar Sadat 埃及总统萨达

　　Muhammad Anwar El Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981.

　　hostage crisis 人质危机

　　A hostage is a person or entity which is held by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against war.

　　Afghanistan invasion 阿富汗入侵

　　Refers to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

　　cultural pluralism 文化多元主义

　　Cultural pluralism is a term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.

　　Immigration Act 移民法

　　An Immigration Act is a law regulating immigration

　　Immigration Reform and Control Act

　　移民改革和控制法案

　　The Immigration Reform and Control Act also known as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act, signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6,1986, is an Act of Congress which reformed United States immigration law.

　　At the time, the Immigration and Naturalization Service estimated that about four million illegal immigrants would apply for legal status through the act and that roughly half of them would be eligible.

　　American Indian Movement 美国印第安人运动

　　A militant movement or grouping of American Indians, organized in 1968 to combat discrimination, injustice, etc.

　　Indian Self-Determination Act 印度民族自决法案

　　The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638) authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes. The tribes would have authority for how they administered the funds, which gave them greater control over their welfare.

　　Earth Day 世界地球日

　　Earth Day is an annual event, celebrated on April 22, on which events are held worldwide to demonstrate support for environmental protection. It was first celebrated in 1970, and is now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network, and celebrated in more than 192 countries each year.

　　Environmental Protection Agency (美)环境保护署(略作 EPA)

　　The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is an agency of the U.S. federal government which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.

　　Clean Water Act 清洁水法

　　The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. Passed in 1972, the objective of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA), is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment, and maintaining the integrity of wetlands.

　　conservatism 保守主义，保守政党的政治主张

　　Conservatism is a political philosophy which believes that if changes need to be made to society, they should be made gradually. You can also refer to the political beliefs of a conservative party in a particular country as conservatism.

　　religious fundamentalism 原教旨主义

　　Fundamentalism has been defined by Marsden as the demand for a strict adherence to certain theological doctrines, in reaction against Modernist theology. The term was originally coined by its supporters to describe what they claimed were five specific classic theological beliefs of Christianity, and that developed into a Christian fundamentalist movement within the Protestant community of the United States in the early part of the 20th century.

　　political action committees 政治活动委员会

　　In the United States, a political action committee (PAC) is a type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.

　　Roe v. Wade 罗诉韦德案

　　Roe v. Wade (1973), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. Decided simultaneously with a companion case, Doe v. Bolton, the Court ruled 7–2 that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests in regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting women's health.

　　reverse discrimination

　　逆向歧视; 指有意将就业机会及其他机会给弱势群体，如少数种族或妇女，而不是给传统意义上有更多权利和优势的白人或男性

　　Reverse discrimination is the policy of deliberately giving jobs and other opportunities to members of less advantaged groups, such as ethnic minorities or women, instead of to those who traditionally have more power and more advantages, such as white people or men.

　　supply-side economics 供给学派经济学

　　Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomics that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services as well as invest in capital.According to supply-side economics, consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices; furthermore, the investment and expansion of businesses will increase the demand for employees.

　　William Rehnquist 威廉·伦奎斯特律师

　　An American lawyer, jurist, and political figure who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States. Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the states.

　　“Evil Empire” 邪恶帝国(美国指苏联)

　　The phrase evil empire was first applied to the Soviet Union in 1983 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who took an aggressive, hardline stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet Union's strategic and global military capabilities, in calling for a rollback strategy that would, in his words, write the final pages of the history of the Soviet Union. The characterization demeaned the Soviet Union and angered Soviet leaders.

　　Strategic Defense Initiative

　　战略防御计划，星球大战计划

　　The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983, to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.

　　Iran contra affair 伊朗门事件

　　The Iran–Contra affair also referred to as Irangate, Contragate or the Iran–Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration. Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. They hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of several US hostages and use the money to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.

　　Palestine 巴勒斯坦(西南亚地区名)

　　Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It is sometimes considered to include adjoining territories. The name was used by Ancient Greek writers, and was later used for the Roman province Syria Palaestina, the Byzantine Palaestina Prima and the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Jund Filastin.

　　Perestroika 重建〔俄语，指20世纪80年代苏联发生的社会、政治和经济变革〕

　　A Russian word meaning ‘rebuilding’, used to describe the social, political,and economic changes that happened in the former USSR in the 1980s.

　　Panama Invasion 入侵巴拿马

　　The United States Invasion of Panama, code-named Operation Just Cause, was the invasion of Panama by the United States in December 1989. It occurred during the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama by 1 January 2000. During the invasion, de facto Panamanian leader, general, and dictator Manuel Noriega was deposed, president-elect Guillermo Endara sworn into office, and the Panamanian Defense Force dissolved.

　　Saddam Hussein 萨达姆·侯赛因(伊拉克前总统)

　　Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937)

　　Persian Gulf War 海湾战争

　　The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991), for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War,

　　Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the U.S. as "Operation Iraqi Freedom").

　　Operation Desert Storm

　　沙漠风暴行动; 美国领衔的从伊拉克手中解放科威特的联合国行动代号

　　The codename for the US-led UN operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraq (1991).

　　Americans With Disabilities Act 美国残疾人法

　　The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is a law that was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990. Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA) authored the bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand. It was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush, and later amended with changes effective January 1, 2009.

　　North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)

　　The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: Tratado deLibre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord delibre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada.

　　Oklahoma City bombing 俄克拉荷马州爆炸案

　　The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist bomb attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Carried out by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, the bombing killed 168 people and injured more than 680 others. The blast destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 16-block radius, destroyed or burned 86 cars, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, causing at least an estimated $652 million worth of damage.

　　e-commerce 电子商务

　　The activity of buying and selling goods and services and doing other business activities using a computer and the Internet.

　　nuclear proliferation 核扩散

　　Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also known as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty or NPT.

　　World Trade Organization

　　世界贸易组织(产生于关贸总协定的乌拉圭谈判， 其目的是为促进多边贸易谈判和协议而成立的。)

　　An international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade.

　　No Child Left Behind Act 有教无类法案

　　The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is a United States Act of Congress that is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which included Title I, the government's flagship aid program for disadvantaged students. NCLB supports standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals can improve individual outcomes in education.

　　corporate corruption 企业腐败

　　In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e., a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities), or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity (see vicarious liability and corporate liability). Some negative behaviors by corporations may not actually be criminal; laws vary between jurisdictions. For example, some jurisdictions allow insider trading.

　　campaign-finance reform 竞选筹款改革

　　Campaign finance reform is the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns. Although attempts to regulate campaign finance by legislation date back to 1867, the first successful attempts nationally to regulate and enforce campaign finance originated in the 1970s.

　　al Qaeda

　　基地组织(著名恐怖主义组织领袖为拉登)

　　A terrorist network intensely opposed to the United States that dispenses money and logistical support and training to a wide variety of radical Islamic terrorist groups; has cells in more than 50 countries.

　　“axis of evil”

　　邪恶轴心; 被看做一起威胁世界稳定的朝鲜、伊拉克和伊朗三国

　　North Korea, Iraq, and Iran when considered together as a perceived threat to world stability.

　　Homeland Security Department

　　美国国土安全部

　　The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government, first proposed by the U.S.Commission on National Security/21st Century in January 2001 and expedited in response to the September 11 attacks. The Department of Homeland Security is charged with the primary responsibilities of protecting the United States and its territories (including protectorates) from and responding to terrorist attacks, man-made accidents, and natural disasters.

　　Troubled Assets Relief Program

　　问题资产救助计划

　　The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) is a program of the United States government to purchase assets and equity from financial institutions to strengthen its financial sector that was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush on October 3, 2008. It was a component of the government's measures in 2008 to address the subprime mortgage crisis.The TARP program originally authorized expenditures of $700 billion.

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