AP统计学词汇（一）

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　　AP统计学词汇(一)

　　coefficient of determination

　　确定系数 n.

　　In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R2 or r2 and pronounced R-squared, is a number that indicates how well data fit a statistical model – sometimes simply a line or curve.

　　accurate 精确的 adj.

　　Accurate information, measurements, and statistics are correct to a very detailed level. An accurate instrument is able to give you information of this kind.

　　affect (某事物) 影响 (某人或物) v.

　　If something affects a person or thing, it influences them or causes them to change in some way.

　　alphabetical 按字母顺序的 adj.

　　Alphabetical means arranged according to the normal order of the letters in the alphabet.

　　alternative hypothesis 备择假设 n.

　　The hypothesis that given data do not conform with a given null hypothesis:the null hypothesis is accepted only if its probability exceeds a predetermined significance level.

　　annual 每年一次的 adj.

　　Annual events happen once every year.

　　appropriate 适当的 adj.

　　Something that is appropriate is suitable or acceptable for a particular situation.

　　approximate 大概的 adj.

　　An approximate number, time, or position is close to the correct number, time, or position, but is not exact.

　　ascending 升 (序) 的 adj.

　　If a group of things is arranged in ascending order, each thing is bigger, greater, or more important than the thing before it.

　　assign 指定 v. To allocate or designate.

　　association (与某人、某物的) 关联 n.

　　Your association with a person or a thing such as an organization is the connection that you have with them.

　　assumption 假设 n.

　　If you make an assumption that something is true or will happen, you accept that it is true or will happen, often without any real proof.

　　attribute 特性/归因 n.v.

　　An attribute is a quality or feature that someone or something has. As a verb it means to regard something as being caused by something/someone.

　　audience 观众 n.

　　The audience at a play, concert, film, or public meeting is the group of people watching or listening to it. It can also mean a group of people that are likely to give attention to something, such as the “target audience” of an advertisement.

　　bias 偏差 n.

　　Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.

　　binomial 二项式 adj.

　　A mathematical expression consisting of two terms, such as 3x + 2y.

　　boxplot 箱形图 n.

　　In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles.

　　categorical variable 分类变量 n.

　　A qualitative variable, also called a categorical variable, are variables that are not numerical. It describes data that fits into categories.

　　causation 因果关系 n.

　　Causation is a study of the factors involved in causing something.

　　cause-and-effect 因果关系 n.

　　Cause and effect is what connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is partly responsible for the second,and the second is partly dependent on the first.

　　census 普查 n.

　　A census is an official survey of the population of a country that is carried out in order to find out how many people live there and to obtain details of such things as people's ages and jobs.

　　chi-square test 卡方测验 n.

　　A statistical hypothesis test where the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true. The chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories.

　　cluster 聚类 n.

　　Cluster analysis is a statistical classification technique in which cases, data, or objects (events, people, things, etc.) are sub-divided into groups (clusters) such that the items in a cluster are very similar (but not identical) to one another and very different from the items in other clusters.

　　coincidence 巧合 n.

　　A coincidence is a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances that have no apparent causal connection with one another.

　　combination 组合 n.

　　In mathematics, a combination is a way of selecting members from a grouping, such that (unlike permutations) the order of selection does not matter.

　　committee 委员会 n.

　　A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent.

　　comparison 比较 n.

　　When you make a comparison, you consider two or more things and discover the differences between them.

　　complement 补事件 n.

　　In statistics, the complement of an event is the event not occurring. Thus, the complement of Event A is Event A not occurring. The complement of Event A can also be defined as all the other outcomes but Event A.

　　confounding variable 混杂变量 n.

　　A variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a false association.

　　constant 常数 n.

　　A number representing a quantity assumed to have a fixed value in a specified mathematical context.

　　convenience 便利 n.

　　Convenience sampling is a sampling method where the researcher selects the research sample based on ease and proximity to the researcher, which is different from random sampling.

　　correlation coefficient 相关系数 n.

　　A statistic (a piece of data) that measures the degree of correlation between two variables as by dividing their covariance by the square root of the product of their variances. The closer the correlation coefficient is to 1 or –1 the greater the correlation; if it is random, the coefficient is zero.

　　correspond 相一致; 相对应 v.

　　If one thing corresponds to another, there is a close similarity. You can also say that two things correspond.

　　critical value 临界值 n.

　　Critical value is used in significance testing. It is the value that a test statistic must exceed in order for the null hypothesis to be rejected.

　　cube 求...的立方 v.

　　To raise (a number or quantity) to the third power.

　　cumulative 累积的 adj.

　　If a series of events have a cumulative effect, each event makes the effect greater.

　　curve 曲线 n.

　　A curve is a smooth, gradually bending line, for example, part of the edge of a circle.

　　defective 有缺陷的 adj.

　　If something is defective, there is something wrong with it and it does not work properly.

　　demonstrate 展示/演示 v.

　　To demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.

　　diamond 方块 (扑克牌中的 4 个花色之一) n.

　　Diamonds is one of the four suits of cards in a pack of playing cards. Each card in the suit is marked with one or more red symbols in the shape of a diamond.

　　die/dice 骰子 n.

　　A dice is a small cube which has between one and six spots or numbers on its sides, and which is used in games to provide random numbers. In old-fashioned English, "dice" was used only as a plural form, and the singular was “die”, but now "dice" is used as both the singular and the plural form.

　　digit (0 到 9 的任一) 数字 n.

　　A digit is a written symbol for any of the ten numbers from 0 to 9.

　　distinct 有区别的 adj.

　　If something is distinct from something else of a similar type, it is different or separate from it.

　　distinguish 辨别; 区分 v.

　　If you can distinguish one thing from another or distinguish between two things, you can see or understand how they are different.

　　distinguishable 可区分的 adj.

　　If something is distinguishable from other things, it has a quality or feature which makes it possible for you to recognize it and see that it is different.

　　element 组成部分/元素 n.

　　The composing part of something. In statistics, each object in a set is called an element of the set.

　　empirical rule 经验法 n.

　　In statistics, the so-called 68–95–99.7 rule is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within a band around the mean in a normal distribution with a width of one, two and three standard deviations, respectively; more accurately, 68.27%, 95.45% and 99.73% of the values lie within one, two and three standard deviations of the mean, respectively.

　　estimation 估算 n.

　　An estimation is an approximate calculation of a quantity or value.

　　expand 扩大; 膨胀 v.

　　If something expands or is expanded, it becomes larger.

　　expectation 期望 n.

　　A person's expectations are strong beliefs they have about the proper way someone should behave or something should happen.

　　expected value 期望值 n.

　　The sum or integral of all possible values of a random variable, or any given function of it, multiplied by the respective probabilities of the values of the variable.

　　explanatory variable 解释变量/自变量 n.

　　Explanatory variables are independent variables that represent inputs or causes, that is, potential reasons for variation.

　　explicit 明确表达的; 公开显露的 adj.

　　Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything.

　　exponential 指数的 adj.

　　A function in which an independent variable appears as an exponent.

　　extrapolation 外推 n.

　　When performing extrapolation, you use an existing function to predict the value of the dependent variable for an independent variable that is outside the range of your data.

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