【托福写作机经】2025年2月19日托福考试回忆

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　　主题：载人火星任务降落在极点还是赤道

　　Temperatures

　　Mars is much colder than Earth, with average temperatures below freezing. At the poles of Mars, temperatures are especially cold. In the extremely cold temperatures at the poles, equipment runs the risk of breaking down and malfunctioning, making a mission there risky.

　　At the equator, however, temperatures are higher overall and less likely to damage equipment. This will reduce some of the challenges involved in dealing with the Martian climate.

　　1.赤道昼夜温差大，极地温度更稳定，设备可以设计来抵御低温，从而避免极端温差造成的损害

　　Fueling Rocket Launches

　　Astronauts will need to launch a rocket to return to Earth from Mars. Such launches require large amounts of fuel, which is heavy and therefore difficult to bring to Mars. But rocket launches will require less fuel near the equator, This is because Mars, like Earth is rotating. It rotates fastest near the equator, and a rocket can use Mars's rotation to gain

　　extra energy when lifting off, By taking advantage of this extra energy, astronauts will not need to use as much rocket fuel for their return launch

　　2.虽然从赤道发射可以减少燃料但不方便携带，而在极地，温度更稳定还有丰富的水资源，便于制造燃料;

　　Sunlight

　　Landing near the equator will provide astronauts with adequate sunlight each day.

　　During the Martian winter, the polar regions of Mars receive little sunlight for several months.

　　During these dark periods, solar power is unavailable for equipment, and astronauts would need artificial lights to see Mars's surface. But near the equator, the Sun rises and sets each day during the Martian year, By landing the spacecraft near the equator, astronauts will be able to use solar-powered equipment and see the Martian environment more easily.

　　3.极地的冰层可以阻挡有害的太阳辐射，宇航员可以保护自己不受伤害，和赤道相比这也是-个特别的优势;

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　　主题：控制 kudzu 扩散的方式

　　Crown Removal

　　One way of getting rid of the invasive kudzu is by removing its root crown. The root crown is the part of the kudzu where its stem and roots meet.

　　New kudzu vines grow from the root crown and not from the roots. Therefore,cutting just below the root crown and removing the crown from the soil will prevent new kudzu vines from growing and may help eradicate kudzu.

　　Ok, the reading says that one way to stop kudzu from growing is to remove the root crown. Well, that's easier said than done.

　　You see, although the root crown begins just two or three centimeters below the surface, it also grows deep into the soil. It's very hard to find the bottom of the crown dig below it and cut it from the system of roots beneath it.

　　If any part of the crown remains in the soil after an attempted removal, kudzu will grow back quickly from this remaining part. And given the large size of the root crown and how deep in the soil it goes, the chances of some part of the crown remaining in the soil are high.

　　Grazing Goats

　　Another control technique involves transporting goats to areas overgrown with kudzu and allowing the goats to graze (feed) on the kudzu to remove it., Goats are relatively small but eat a great deal, so a large herd of goats can be driven in trucks to areas of kudzu infestation, where the goats can graze until the kudzu has been cleared. Importantly grazing

　　by livestock weakens kudzu and prevents it from regrowing, so this control method has the potential to address the problem.

　　Second, goats will fully remove kudzu only if you let them graze in the same area continuously for a long period of time.

　　Only continuous grazing weakens kudzu to the point of preventing its regrowth. So loading goats on trucks and moving them from place to place, as the reading suggests, will not work.

　　If the goats stay in each area for just a short time, they will remove some K zoo, but as soon as they're moved to another area, the kudzu will grow back. Only long term continuous grazing works. But it's impossible to bring goats for long term grazing to all the areas infested by Kudzu.

　　Fungi

　　A third control method consists of using naturally occurring microorganisms, such as fungi, that feed on kudzu. Some scientists have recently conducted a series of experiments with fungi. When a kudzu plant was infected with fungi in the morning, signs of' infection were already visible by the afternoon.

　　Specifically, the plant's leaves had become weak and lifeless, The use of fungi may thus help eliminate kudzu.

　　Finally, the use of fungi is also problematic.

　　Kudzu infestations are so widespread that fungi would have to be produced in great quantities to control these infestations.

　　However, scientists currently don't have the resources to produce mass quantities of fungi in laboratories. And fungi have another drawback. If a person touches a kudzu plant infected with fungi, the fungi may cause skin irritation. Therefore, this control method may remain at the experimental stage for a while.

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　　主题：仙人掌是如何从美洲到达非洲的

　　Birds

　　The first theory is that the wicker cactus was spread like many other plants: by birds. Its seeds could have been eaten by a migrating bird, which stored them in its digestive tract and then passed them on as waste after crossing to another continent, In a suitable environment on the new continent, the plants could have developed from these transported seeds and then reproduced.

　　This theory is supported by the fact that many bird species are known to make regular migrations of great distances

　　1.定期从美洲飞往非洲的年累并不食用果实，因此不太可能传播 wicker 的种子;

　　Predates separation of continents

　　A second theory is that the wicker cactus has existed for so long that it is actually older than the ocean that now separates Africa and South America.

　　Long ago, Africa and South America were part of one giant continent, In this explanation, the wicker cactus first evolved during the ancient time before the continents separated. As the two land masses slowly drifted apart over millions of years, early wicker cactus plants were left on each side of the ocean.

　　2.科学家认为包括 wicker 在内的仙人掌物种都是在大陆分离数百年后开始进化的:

　　Sailors

　　The third theory is that sixteenth-century sailors carried the wicker cactus from South America to Africa on their boats. Records show that when Portuguese and Spanish sailors traveled to the Americas. they frequently brought plants back and forth across the ocean, Since the wicker cactus can survive for a long time without soil, it could have easily lived through such a trip.

　　3.水手传播没办法带到非洲，那些地方不会有船只靠近;