【托福阅读机经】2025年6月28日下午场托福考试回忆

　　2025年6月28日的托福考试已经成为回忆，新东方在线SAT考试网为大家整理了此次考试的托福阅读机经，让我们一起来回顾和分析这次的阅读考查内容。

托福阅读机经

　　农业 Late Classic Maya Agriculture

　　玛雅农业有两大优势，生产成本低，技术简单、工具本地造、靠家庭劳力;玉米高产，单产是旧大陆小谷物两倍，投入产出比优。其限制在于土地退化，8世纪低地沃土耕种数百年后退化，且技术落后，缺金属工具等，人均耕种少、盈余有限

　　The great Maya civilization of Mesoamerica (what is now Mexico and Central America) underwent a precipitous decline in its Late Classic period(600-900 A.D.), and though many different explanations have been proposed for this collapse, Maya agriculture certainly played a role. While Maya agriculture could be remarkably productive, it also suffered from strong inherent risks and limitations.

　　Despite the fact that their farming practices were technologically underdeveloped compared to those of Old World(European, African, and Asian)civilizations, Maya farmers enjoyed several advantages, especially where population densities were low and plots of land could be developed and then abandoned for more fertile plots when the first land was no longer productive(a technique called shifting cultivation). One advantage derived from the very simplicity of their agricultural tasks. Because they could make the modest tools needed to work their fields from locally available materials, Maya farmers did not have to purchase metal implements made by specialists, or buy, rent, and maintain expensive animals to attach to plows or wagons, like Old World peasants. Necessary agricultural labor could be provided by domestic households, so it was unnecessary to hire farmhands (though illness or death of workers could cause severe problems for the domestic workforce). Even large projects, such as the hillside terraces and drained fields that many archaeologists believe supported vast Classic period populations, could be built with domestic labor augmented, when necessary, by the help of neighbors or relatives. In other words, the basic costs of agricultural production were low, and the necessary skills and knowledge were widely available.

　　Another set of advantages derived from the nature of the principal staple crop-maize. On decent soils watered by adequate rainfall, maize typically produced larger yields per unit of cultivated land-perhaps twice as much-than Old World small grains such as wheat, barley, or oats grown by medieval European farmers. And because of the way these latter grains were sown, anywhere from one-sixth to one-third of the European annual crop had to be reserved for seed (except where irrigation was used). For maize the ratio of seed input to output was much more favorable, and because there were few domestic animals to feed, virtually all of the harvest could be consumed by humans.

　　On the other hand there were some severe limitations, one of which was caused by the history of land use itself. By the eighth century many of the most favorable parts of the Maya Lowlands had already been cultivated for hundreds of years. The population explosion of Late Classic times took place on local landscapes that no longer were natural in any sense of the word, because they had already long been humanized(degraded)by generations of use. Heavy episodes of deforestation and erosion have been documented for several regions as early as Preclassic times (2000 B.C.-200 A.D.), and there is strong evidence that some centers and regions experienced cycles of growth and abandonment long before the collapse. Even when overall populations were low, early farmers packed into any small region could obviously damage their environment severely. Early on, mobility seems to have been one of their solutions-people left for better lands elsewhere.

　　Another limitation involved technology. Without metal tools, complex machines, and sources of animal energy, Maya farmers could cultivate only very small amounts of land and they also had to schedule their work carefully to take into account the constraints of the seasons. Even where good land was abundant, Maya producers could accordingly generate only small per capita surpluses. Working diligently during a good year, a healthy farmer might cultivate 2-2.5 hectares(5-6.2 acres), which would yield roughly 1,000 kilograms per hectare(890 pounds per acre) of maize. If this land were of sufficient quality, it would yield twice as much food-around 2,000 kilograms(4,400 pounds)-as his family ate annually, after subtracting that amount reserved for next year's seed stock and lost in storage. In other words, each family, if it had good land and worked hard, might generate only enough surplus food to support one other family of similar size-as opposed to perhaps five to six times the amount of food a family needed in the case of some Old World farmers.

　　气象气候 Light and the Atmosphere

　　The key to understanding Earth's atmosphere lies in interactions between atmospheric gases and energy from the Sun. Although the Sun also emits ultraviolet light and x-rays, most light coming from the Sun is visible light. Most visible sunlight reaches the ground and warms the surface, but the small amount that is scattered by gases in the atmosphere has two important effects. First, scattering makes the daytime sky bright, which is why we can't see stars in the daytime. Without scattering, sunlight would travel only in perfectly straight lines, which means we'd see the Sun against an otherwise black sky, just as it appears on the Moon. Scattering also prevents shadows on Earth from being pitch black. On the Moon, shadows receive little scattered sunlight and are extremely cold and dark.

　　Second, scattering explains why our sky is blue. Gas molecules scatter blue light (higher energy) much more effectively than red light (lower energy). The difference in scattering is so great that, for practical purposes, we can imagine that only the blue light gets scattered. When the Sun is overhead, this scattered blue light reaches our eyes from all directions and the sky appears blue. At sunset or sunrise, the sunlight must pass through a greater amount of atmosphere on its way to us. Most of the blue light is scattered away, leaving only red light to color the sky.

　　The ground returns the energy it absorbs by radiating it away in the infrared (light with even less energy than red light). Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide absorb this infrared light and warm the troposphere - the lowest layer in the atmosphere. Because the infrared light comes from the surface, more is absorbed closer to the ground than at higher altitudes, which is why the temperature drops with altitude in the troposphere. (The relatively small amount of infrared light coming from the Sun does not have a significant effect on the atmosphere.) The drop in temperature with altitude, combined with the relatively high density of air in the troposphere, explains why the troposphere is the only layer of the atmosphere with storms. The primary cause of storms is the churning of air by convection, in which warm air rises and cool air falls. Convection occurs only when there is strong heating from below; in the troposphere, the heating from the ground can drive convection. In fact, the troposphere gets its name from convection; tropos is Greek for "turning."

　　Above the troposphere, the air density is too low for greenhouse gases to have much effect, so infrared light from below can travel unhindered through higher layers of the atmosphere and into space. Heating from below therefore has little effect on the stratosphere, the second lowest layer in the atmosphere. Instead, the primary source of heating in the stratosphere is the absorption of solar ultraviolet light by the gas ozone. Most of this ultraviolet absorption and heating occurs at moderately high altitudes in the stratosphere, which is why temperature tends to increase with altitude as we go upward from the base of the stratosphere. This temperature structure prevents convection in the lower stratosphere, because heat cannot rise if the air above is hotter. The lack of convection makes the air relatively stagnant and stratified (layered), with layers of warm air overlying cooler air; this stratification explains the name stratosphere. The lack of convection also means that the stratosphere has essentially no weather and no rain. Pollutants that reach the stratosphere, including the ozone-destroying chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), remain there for decades.

　　科技 科技对艺术的影响

　　植物与生态 Pollination

　　树木的繁殖利用风、水或动物作为媒介，将花粉从一棵树传递到另一棵树。然而，大型动物授粉的树木面临着独特的问题。它需要在花朵中产生足够的食用奖励--花蜜和花粉，以吸引传粉者访问，但存在在树冠内(树的上部)产生过多花粉的风险导致传粉者停留，而不是转移到下一棵树。此外，如果一个物种的所有其他个体都在开花(这是进行异花授粉--将花粉从一株植物的花传递到基因不同的植物所必需的)，那么产生的花朵数量可能不足以满足传粉者的需求。

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